Abstract: Heat pump 10 has heat-absorbing section 12 that receives heat from an outside and heat-releasing section 13 that releases heat to the outside, for transferring heat between heat-absorbing section 12 and heat-releasing sectioning 13 by reinforcing and reducing a magnetic field applied to a primary working fluid circulating between heat-absorbing section 12 and heat-releasing section 13, wherein the primary working fluid is magnetic particle dispersion 11 containing magnetic particles 11 dispersed in a dispersion medium.

Abstract: Diabatic distillation column 1 includes first and second cooling devices 11, 12 configured to indirectly cool fluid in rectifying section 2 with a circulating working fluid, first and second heating devices 21, 22 configured to indirectly heat fluid in stripping section 3 with the circulating working fluid, first compressor 31 configured to compress the working fluid from first cooling device 11 on first circulation path P11-P14 between first cooling device 11 and first heating device 21, second compressor 32 configured to compress the working fluid from second cooling device 12 on second circulation path P21-P24 between second cooling device 12 and second heating device 22, first expansion device 41 configured to expand the working fluid from first heating device 21 on first circulation path P11-P14, and second expansion device 42 configured to expand the working fluid from second heating device 22 on second circulation path P21-P24.

Abstract: Diabatic distillation column 1 includes first and second cooling devices 11, 12 configured to indirectly cool fluid in rectifying section 2 with a circulating working fluid, first and second heating devices 21, 22 configured to indirectly heat fluid in stripping section 3 with the circulating working fluid, first compressor 31 configured to compress the working fluid from first cooling device 11 on first circulation path P11-P14 between first cooling device 11 and first heating device 21, second compressor 32 configured to compress the working fluid from second cooling device 12 on second circulation path P21-P24 between second cooling device 12 and second heating device 22, first expansion device 41 configured to expand the working fluid from first heating device 21 on first circulation path P11-P14, and second expansion device 42 configured to expand the working fluid from second heating device 22 on second circulation path P21-P24.

Abstract: The duty of internal heat exchange can be flexibly adjusted without impairing energy saving performance of a HIDiC. A method of adjusting the duty of heat exchange in a heat exchange structure of a HIDiC includes totally condensing a portion of the vapor fed to a heat exchange structure in a heat exchange structure; and providing a liquid control valve downstream of the heat exchange structure on the first line, without providing a control valve on a vapor-flowing part of first and second lines of the HIDiC, and adjusting a flow rate of a portion of the compressor outlet vapor flowing into the heat exchange structure by using the control valve, while compensating for a pressure loss needed for the control valve by using a liquid head of a condensate, and/or by using pressurization by a pump.

Abstract: Significant energy saving can be achieved for a distillation column even when the distillation column has a large column temperature difference. Provided is a distillation column including a first and second columns, wherein the first column includes a part of a rectifying section or a part of a stripping section; the second column includes, if the first column includes a part of the rectifying section, the rest of the rectifying section and the whole of the stripping section, or the second column includes, if the first column includes a part of the stripping section, the rest of the stripping section and the whole of the rectifying section; and the second column constitutes a mechanical-heat-pump distillation column.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus of the present invention includes high-pressure column 1 corresponding to a region above a heat exchanging section located at a lowermost part of a region including a trayed section or a packed bed section, which is used as a rectifying section; and low-pressure column 2 that is located above as seen from high-pressure column 1, which integrates a region including a trayed section or a packed bed section which is used as a stripping section, with rectifying section corresponding portion 2g that corresponds to a region locating below the heat exchanging section located at the lowermost part in the rectifying section. Rectifying section corresponding portion 2g is located on top 2c of the stripping section in low-pressure column 2 so that rectifying section corresponding portion 2g continues to the stripping section.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus includes a first distillation column and one or more second distillation columns. A higher-pressure part of the first distillation column includes at least part of a rectifying section, and performs gas-liquid contact at a relatively high pressure. A lower pressure-part of the first distillation column includes at least part of a stripping section and performs gas-liquid contact at a relatively low pressure. A vapor line, which includes a pressurizing means, directs a vapor discharged from a column top of the lower-pressure part to a column bottom of the higher-pressure part. A liquid line directs a liquid discharged from the column bottom of the higher-pressure part to the column top of the lower pressure part. Corresponding heat exchange structures transfer heat in both directions between the rectifying section of the first distillation column and at least one second distillation column.

Abstract: The duty of internal heat exchange can be flexibly adjusted without impairing energy saving performance of a HIDiC. A method of adjusting the duty of heat exchange in a heat exchange structure of a HIDiC includes totally condensing a portion of the vapor fed to a heat exchange structure in a heat exchange structure; and providing a liquid control valve downstream of the heat exchange structure on the first line, without providing a control valve on a vapor-flowing part of first and second lines of the HIDiC, and adjusting a flow rate of a portion of the compressor outlet vapor flowing into the heat exchange structure by using the control valve, while compensating for a pressure loss needed for the control valve by using a liquid head of a condensate, and/or by using pressurization by a pump.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in C8+ aromatics; a second distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in C8 aromatics; an adsorption separation apparatus for obtaining an extract containing para-xylene and a raffinate containing xylene isomers; a third distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in para-xylene; and a fourth distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in xylene isomers. The second distillation apparatus includes a high-pressure part including a rectifying section; a low-pressure part including a stripping section; a line for directing overhead vapor of the low-pressure part to a column bottom of the high-pressure part; a line for directing a column bottom liquid of the high-pressure part to a column top of the low-pressure part; and a heat exchange structure for transferring heat from the rectifying section to the stripping section.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus includes a rectifying column, a stripping column, a first pipe that communicates a column top of the stripping column with a column bottom of the rectifying column, and a compressor configured to compress vapor from the stripping column and then to feed the compressed vapor to the rectifying column. The distillation apparatus further includes a heat exchanger located at a predetermined stage of the rectifying column, a liquid withdrawal unit located at a predetermined stage of the stripping column and configured to withdraw a part of liquid from the predetermined stage to an outside of the column, a second pipe that introduces the liquid from the liquid withdrawal unit to the heat exchanger, and a third pipe that introduces fluids introduced through the second pipe to the heat exchanger and then discharged out of the heat exchanger to a stage directly below the liquid withdrawal unit.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus includes a rectifying column, a stripping column located above seen from the rectifying column, a liquid sump unit located at a predetermined stage of the stripping column and configured to hold liquid that has flowed downward, a heat exchanger located in the liquid sump unit, a second pipe for introducing vapor in the rectifying column to the heat exchanger of the stripping column, and a third pipe for introducing fluids flowing out from the heat exchanger of the stripping column to the rectifying column. Further, a flare line having lower pressure than pressure in the rectifying column is connected to a downstream side of the third pipe. The distillation apparatus can switch a first flow toward an inside of the rectifying column through the third pipe to a second flow branching from the third pipe toward a pipe at a lower pressure side.

Abstract: Significant energy saving can be achieved for a distillation column even when the distillation column has a large column temperature difference. Provided is a distillation column including a first and second columns, wherein the first column includes a part of a rectifying section or a part of a stripping section; the second column includes, if the first column includes a part of the rectifying section, the rest of the rectifying section and the whole of the stripping section, or the second column includes, if the first column includes a part of the stripping section, the rest of the stripping section and the whole of the rectifying section; and the second column constitutes a mechanical-heat-pump distillation column.

Abstract: A distillation apparatus includes a first distillation column and one or more second distillation columns. A higher-pressure part of the first distillation column includes at least part of a rectifying section, and performs gas-liquid contact at a relatively high pressure. A lower pressure-part of the first distillation column includes at least part of a stripping section and performs gas-liquid contact at a relatively low pressure. A vapor line, which includes a pressurizing means, directs a vapor discharged from a column top of the lower-pressure part to a column bottom of the higher-pressure part. A liquid line directs a liquid discharged from the column bottom of the higher-pressure part to the column top of the lower pressure part. Corresponding heat exchange structures transfer heat in both directions between the rectifying section of the first distillation column and at least one second distillation column.

Abstract: An apparatus includes a first distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in C8+ aromatics; a second distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in C8 aromatics; an adsorption separation apparatus for obtaining an extract containing para-xylene and a raffinate containing xylene isomers; a third distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in para-xylene; and a fourth distillation apparatus for obtaining a fraction enriched in xylene isomers. The second distillation apparatus includes a high-pressure part including a rectifying section; a low-pressure part including a stripping section; a line for directing overhead vapor of the low-pressure part to a column bottom of the high-pressure part; a line for directing a column bottom liquid of the high-pressure part to a column top of the low-pressure part; and a heat exchange structure for transferring heat from the rectifying section to the stripping section.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for operating a stripper that is provided for a separating process in an aromatic component processing apparatus in which the stripper separates a component that is lighter than an aromatic component from the aromatic component via a distillation operation. In the method, using a HIDiC as the stripper, the pressure of the column top of rectifying section (201) of the HIDiC is determined, and the pressure of the column top of stripping section (202) of the HIDiC is set to be lower than the pressure of the column top of rectifying section (201).

Abstract: A distillation apparatus of the present invention includes high-pressure column 1 corresponding to a region above a heat exchanging section located at a lowermost part of a region including a trayed section or a packed bed section, which is used as a rectifying section; and low-pressure column 2 that is located above as seen from high-pressure column 1, which integrates a region including a trayed section or a packed bed section which is used as a stripping section, with rectifying section corresponding portion 2g that corresponds to a region locating below the heat exchanging section located at the lowermost part in the rectifying section. Rectifying section corresponding portion 2g is located on top 2c of the stripping section in low-pressure column 2 so that rectifying section corresponding portion 2g continues to the stripping section.

Abstract: Provided is a heat integrated distillation apparatus includes: rectifying column including a trayed section or a packed bed section; stripping column including a trayed section or a packed bed section located higher than rectifying column; first pipe for connecting top part of the stripping column with bottom part of the rectifying column; and compressor that compresses vapor from top part of the stripping column to feed the compressed vapor to bottom part of the rectifying column. The heat integrated distillation apparatus further includes: heat exchanger located either at the trayed section or a packed bed section of rectifying column or at the trayed section or a packed bed section of stripping column; second pipe; and third pipe for circulating fluids through the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A gate electrode and an electrode for protective diode are coupled to each other. An insulating film below the electrode for protective diode makes a leak current flow between the electrode for protective diode and an electron transit layer and an electron supply layer when a voltage equal to or more than a given value is applied to the gate electrode. The given value is higher than a voltage by which a HEMT is on-operated and lower than a breakdown voltage of a gate insulating film.

Abstract: Provided is a heat integrated distillation apparatus in which energy efficiency and a degree of freedom in design is higher than a normal distillation column, and in which maintenance of the apparatus is simple. The heat integrated distillation apparatus includes: rectifying column (1); stripping column (2) located higher than rectifying column (1); first pipe (23) for connecting top part (2c) of the stripping column with bottom part (1a) of the rectifying column; and compressor (4) that compresses vapor from top part (2c) of the stripping column to feed the compressed vapor to bottom part to (1a) of the rectifying column.

Abstract: A semiconductor device manufacturing method allowing effective inspection at low cost of a wafer having formed thereon chips. When forming chips on the wafer, a reticle having formed thereon chip patterns, monitor element/circuit patterns and connection patterns is used according to a formation step of the chips. The reticle is constructed such that a part of the monitor element/circuit patterns and the connection patterns are formed in the inner side area of an outer peripheral dicing area and when exposing adjacent shot positions, the pattern is formed on a portion where no outer peripheral dicing areas overlap whereas no pattern is formed on a part of a portion where outer peripheral dicing areas overlap. When using the reticle, a circuit which surrounds the whole chip formation area can be formed with the chips.