Abstract: A lighting device includes a substrate and a planar light source portion including a plurality of LED chips arrayed on the substrate. The planar light source portion faces an illumination space (space to be illuminated) by a predetermined opening area. The plurality of LED chips are arrayed on the substrate such that the mounting density with respect to the opening area is not less than 3/cm2, and accordingly, a planar light source is formed.

Abstract: An objective is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a protective layer in which no unevenness is generated in a coated layer even though a coating solution containing a large addition amount of metal oxide is coated, mechanical strength of a protective layer is high; productivity is high with long life of the coating solution because of no sedimentation of metal oxide, electrical resistivity and mechanical strength are satisfactory, and metal oxide generating no coated layer defect together with no light scattering caused by dispersion failure is dispersed, and also to provide an image forming method and an image forming apparatus employing the electrophotographic photoreceptor. Also disclosed is an electrophotographic photoreceptor possessing a conductive support, at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, wherein the protective layer comprises rutile type titanium dioxide and anatase type titanium dioxide.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a small fuel cell and a small fuel cell stack each allowing for improved output. Conventionally, in a direct methanol fuel cell, carbon dioxide gas produced at an anode electrode side is exhausted together with a methanol aqueous solution. From the methanol aqueous solution, the carbon dioxide gas is separated, and then the methanol aqueous solution is reused as fuel. In this case, a liquid-gas separation device needs to be provided additionally, which results in a large fuel cell with an increased weight, disadvantageously. The present invention is made to solve such a problem by providing a fuel cell including a first unit cell having a cathode electrode, an electrolyte membrane, an anode electrode, and an anode collector layer in this order; and one or more spacers arranged on the anode collector layer.

Abstract: There is provided a fuel cell including a membrane electrode assembly having a cathode electrode, an electrolyte membrane, and an anode electrode in this order, and an anode collector layer. The anode collector layer includes a pair of first walls provided along two opposite sides. The membrane electrode assembly is fitted between the first walls such that the anode electrode faces the anode collector layer. A fuel cell layer employing the fuel cells is also provided. Preferably, the fuel cell further includes a pair of second walls formed on the pair of first walls.

Abstract: An organic photoreceptor, comprises: a conductive support; a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support; and a protective layer provided on the photosensitive layer, wherein the protective layer contains alumina particles which contain 2 to 50 ppm of phosphorus atoms and is subjected to a surface treatment with a compound A having a reactive functional group and a curable compound B, and the protective layer is a cured layer including a cured product material formed by at least the compound A on the surfaces of the alumina particles and the curable compound B.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic photoreceptor, which is composed of a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, provided on an electric conductive support, and the protective layer contains a composition obtained by hardening reaction of ?-alumina particles treated with a compound having a reactive functional group with a hardenable compound. A manufacturing method thereof is also disclosed.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrophotogaphic photoreceptor that causes little or no abrasion-derived uneven image density and does not cause scratches and image defects attributable to the occurrence of scratches even after a large volume, for example, exceeding 1,000,000 sheets of printing, and that does not cause image blurring even after printing in an environment of a high-temperature and a high-relative humidity (RH) respectively exceeding 30° C. and 80%.

Abstract: An organic photoreceptor is disclosed, comprising, on an electrically conductive support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer containing metal oxide particles produced by a plasma method, and the protective layer being formed by curing a composition containing the metal oxide particles and a curable compound. There is also disclosed a preparation method f of the organic photoreceptor.

Abstract: In the present invention, disclosed is an organic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support and provided thereon, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer provided on the photosensitive layer, the protective layer formed with alumina particles each comprising a reactive organic group. Also provided is an organic photoreceptor with which electrophotographic images having high durability together with high image quality can be obtained by improving a wear property of the organic photoreceptor up to the same level as that of an amorphous silicon photoreceptor, as well as by improving image flow and image blur which are easy to be generated at high temperature and high humidity.

Abstract: A fuel cell stack formed by stacking two or more fuel cell layers each constituted of one or more unit cell and a fuel cell system including the same are provided. Any two fuel cell layers adjacent to each other each have one or more gap region. At least a part of the gap region in one fuel cell layer of any two fuel cell layers adjacent to each other is in contact with a unit cell constituting the other fuel cell layer. The gap region in one fuel cell layer and the gap region in the other fuel cell layer communicate with each other. The fuel cell stack is excellent in fuel or oxidizing agent supply performance and it realizes high power density.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided with a conductive support; a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive support; and a surface layer provided on the photosensitive layer, wherein the surface layer contains a reaction product of surface-treated inorganic fine particles which are applied with a surface treatment with a metal oxide and a surface treatment with a compound having a polymerizable functional group.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support provided thereon, a light sensitive layer and a surface layer in this order, wherein the surface layer is formed by a curing reaction of a composition comprising metal oxide particle of which surface are treated by at least a compound having methacryloyl group; and a peak value Tac at 1610-1640 cm?1 and a peak value Tcb at 1700-1800 cm?1 in an infrared absorption spectra of the surface layer after curing satisfy the following Expression 1; Expression 1: 1.0?(Tac/Tcb)×100?20.

Abstract: An organic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer, an electric conductive support, and a protective layer is disclosed, in which the protective layer comprises a composition produced by reacting tin oxide particles an acryloyl or methacryloyl group on their surface with a compound having an acryloyl or methacryloyl group. A production method of the same, an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge using the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: An organic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer, an electric conductive support, and a protective layer is disclosed, in which the protective layer comprises a composition produced by reacting metal oxide particles having a reactive organic group and an anti-oxidant. A production method of the same, an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge using the same are also disclosed.

Abstract: An organic photoreceptor comprising a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate and a protective layer on the photosensitive layer, wherein the protective layer is a surface layer prepared via reaction curing of a compound having a radical polymerizable, curable functional group using a polymerization initiators and the content of the polymerization initiator detected in the photosensitive layer is at most 5,000 ppm.

Abstract: An image forming method and image forming apparatus based on the application thereof wherein comet-like deposits do not appear on the surface of the photoreceptor even after prolonged use of small-diameter toner, and there is no dropout or damage on the photoreceptor surface in the image forming process using an intermediate transfer member. This image forming method contains a process wherein the toner developed on an electrophotographic photoreceptor is transferred onto an intermediate transfer member, and the toner contains at least a metallic oxide and metallic soap added as external additive agents, and the protective layer contains a resin component obtained by reaction of at least a curable compound, and alumina particles.

Abstract: An objective is to provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a protective layer in which no unevenness is generated in a coated layer even though a coating solution containing a large addition amount of metal oxide is coated, mechanical strength of a protective layer is high; productivity is high with long life of the coating solution because of no sedimentation of metal oxide, electrical resistivity and mechanical strength are satisfactory, and metal oxide generating no coated layer defect together with no light scattering caused by dispersion failure is dispersed, and also to provide an image forming method and an image forming apparatus employing the electrophotographic photoreceptor. Also disclosed is an electrophotographic photoreceptor possessing a conductive support, at least a photosensitive layer and a protective layer, wherein the protective layer comprises rutile type titanium dioxide and anatase type titanium dioxide.

Abstract: Disclosed is an organic photoreceptor comprising on an electrically conductive support a light-sensitive layer and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer comprises a resin formed by curing a photocurable compound containing at least one polar group and at least one photocurable-functional group and a particulate metal oxide having a water absorption of 0.1 to 10%. There are also disclosed an image forming apparatus and a process cartridge.

Abstract: An objective is to provide a high releasing electrophotographic photoreceptor exhibiting lubricity and mechanical strength. The photoreceptor possessing a photosensitive layer on a conductive support, wherein an outermost layer of the photoreceptor comprises a fluorine resin represented by the following formula. wherein each of X, Y and Z represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a halogen-substituted alkyl group or a halogen-substituted alkoxy group; at least one of X, Y and Z represents a fluorine atom; each of R4, R5, R6 and R7 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a halogen-substituted alkyl group; each of R1, R2, and R3 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or a halogen-substituted alkyl group; at least one of R1, R2, and R3 represents a fluorine atom; n1 represents an integer of 1-8000; and n2 represents an integer of 0-4000.

Abstract: There are provided a membrane electrode assembly (1) formed by stacking an extraction electrode (6a, 6b), a catalyst layer (5a, 5b), and an electrolyte membrane (2) in this order and integrating the same, and a method of manufacturing the membrane electrode assembly (1) including the steps of forming an electrode base material by fixing the extraction electrode (6a, 6b) at one surface of a base, forming the catalyst layer (5a, 5b) on the extraction electrode (6a, 6b), and integrating the electrode base material having the catalyst layer (5a, 5b) formed thereon with the electrolyte membrane (2). By such a method, the membrane electrode assembly can be manufactured with high yield, with favorable electrical contact maintained between the catalyst layer and the extraction electrode, without their being pressed and fixed by clamping from outside. Accordingly, it is possible to implement a fuel battery that can produce high output and can be downsized.