Abstract: A photovoltaic device is made by providing a substrate and forming a compact layer on the substrate. The compact layer is coated with a layer including metal oxide nanoparticles and perovskites. NIK radiation is used to cure the layer when exposed to light. There is also an electrode attached to the scaffold. The method allows for the manufacture of photovoltaic devices very efficiently and rapidly making it a very economical process.

Abstract: A counter electrode generally shown as 1 is formed of a conductive substrate e.g. a glass substrate 10 on which is deposited doped oxide, e.g. a fluorine doped tin oxide 20. Overlaying the fluorine layer is a layer of a metal halide, e.g. platinum chloride 30 (5 Mm H2PtCl6(H2O6) in isoproply alcohol. Metal is deposited from the solution by treating with NIR. The tin oxide layer renders the glass electrically conductive, absorbs significantly in the NIR and allows for the subsequent heating of the Pt—Cl via a heat transfer process to make the counter electrode in a very efficient manner.