Abstract: An apparatus and methods to increase and direct the spatial volume of atmospheric pressure plasma jets. One or more additional gas flows is introduced to intersect the plasma jet. As the plasma jet interacts with these additional gas flows, the direction of propagation of the plasma jet is altered, the plasma expands into the volume defined by the additional gas flow, and the volume and effective surface area of the plasma jet increases accordingly, while the power increase needed to drive the increase in plasma volume scales sub-linearly with the increase in volume.

Abstract: An apparatus and methods to increase and direct the spatial volume of atmospheric pressure plasma jets. One or more additional gas flows is introduced to intersect the plasma jet. As the plasma jet interacts with these additional gas flows, the direction of propagation of the plasma jet is altered, the plasma expands into the volume defined by the additional gas flow, and the volume and effective surface area of the plasma jet increases accordingly, while the power increase needed to drive the increase in plasma volume scales sub-linearly with the increase in volume.

Abstract: An electrodeless discharge lamp includes a pair of opposed couplers aligned along an axis, a stationary light transmissive envelope positioned between the pair of opposed couplers, the envelope having an interior length along the axis which is greater than a maximum interior dimension of the envelope orthogonal to the axis, a light emitting fill disposed inside the envelope, the fill including at least one fill substance selected from the group of sulfur, selenium, and tellurium in a concentration of at least 1 mg/cc for each selected fill substance, and a power source connected to the couplers, wherein power applied to the couplers from the power source is effective to initiate and sustain a stable light emitting discharge from the fill. For example, the envelope may be capsule shaped or have the shape of a prolate ellipsoid. The lamp operates at low power and is stable without rotation.