Abstract: Preparation of O-substituted hydroxylammonium salts of the formula IH.sub.2 NOR x HX Iwhere R is a C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl or C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 -alkenyl radical, each of which may be halogen-substituted, and X is chlorine or bromine, by reacting in an integrated process, without isolation of intermediatesa) acetone with hydroxylammonium sulfate and sodium hydroxide solution to give acetone oxime;b) treating the solution of acetone oxime thus obtained with sodium hydroxide solution and completely removing water,c) reacting the suspension of the acetone oxime Na salt thus obtained with alkylating agents at from 0.5 to 15 bar and at up to 140.degree. C. to give acetone oxime ethers; andd) cleaving the acetone oxime ethers with acids HX to give the products I,a homogeneous, nonpolar aprotic solvent being used in all process steps a) to d).

Abstract: A process for preparing alkenols of the formula IR.sup.1 --CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.n OH Iwhere R.sup.1 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbon radical, and n is an integer from 3 to 15,a) by reacting a phosphonium salt of the formula IIaR.sup.1 --CH.sub.2 --P.sup.+ (C.sub.6 H.sub.5).sub.3 X.sup.-IIawhere X is chlorine, bromine or iodine, with an aldehyde of the formula IIIa or its hemiacetal of the formula IIIb ##STR1## or b) by reacting a phosphonium salt of the formula IIb(C.sub.6 H.sub.5).sub.3 P.sup.+ (CH.sub.2).sub.n+1 OH X.sup.-IIbwith a aldehyde of the formula IVR.sup.1 CHO IVin a solvent in the presence of a base, wherein the base is the alkali metal salt of an alcohol and the solvent is an alcohol.

Abstract: O-substituted hydroxylammonium salts are prepared by hydrolysis of acetone oxime ethers with acid in the presence of an additive, removing acetone and water by distillation with the aid of the additive.

Abstract: Azo dye salts corresponding to formula I are suitable as masking couplers. ##STR1## In Formula I, A denotes an optionally substituted aryl group;CC denotes a group optionally carrying a ballast group and capable of coupling under the conditions of photographic color development to produce a dye preferably a cyan dye (color coupler residue);L denotes a linking member which is attached at the coupling position of the color coupler residue by an oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atom;Z denotes a group conferring solubility in alkalies;R denotes NH--CO--R.sup.1, NH--SO.sub.2 --R.sup.1, COOR.sup.2 or NR.sup.1 --R.sup.2 ;R.sup.1 denotes an optionally substituted alkyl or aryl group;R.sup.2 denotes H or a group such as R.sup.1 ;[M.sup..sym. ] denotes a mixture of organic and inorganic cations optionally containing protons, in which the proportion of organic cation amounts to at least 1/2 mol per mol of dye;m stands for 0, 1 or 2; andn stands for 1, 2, 3 or 4; n.gtoreq.m.

Abstract: In a process and apparatus for the biological purification of water by means of a closed percolating filter operated with pure oxygen and/or air, and an upward-flow filter disposed downstream of the percolating filter, with flotation filter material therein, saturation of the gas cushion predominantly containing oxygen in the percolating filter is controlled by selection of the operating pressure in such a fashion that the oxygen supply corresponds to the biochemical oxygen demand of the water on the one hand, while on the other hand a residual oxygen content dissolved in the water permits continuation with a biological fine purification operation in the upward-flow filter. The apparatus comprises a first chamber with the percolating filter, the water flowing downwardly therethrough, and a second chamber with filter material through which the water flows upwardly.