Abstract: Olefin separation processes may comprise: introducing a first aqueous salt stream and a mixed feed stream comprising at least one olefin to a salt ion membrane; obtaining an olefin-rich permeate stream and an olefin-lean retentate stream from the salt ion membrane, at least the olefin-lean retentate stream comprising a salt ion membrane aqueous salt phase; introducing the olefin-lean retentate stream to a separation device to obtain a first portion comprising a hydrocarbon stream and a second portion comprising the salt ion membrane aqueous salt phase; introducing to an absorption device the hydrocarbon stream and a second aqueous salt stream under conditions effective to promote olefin extraction, in which the salt ion membrane aqueous salt phase is provided as a portion of the second aqueous salt stream; and obtaining an olefin-rich aqueous salt stream from the absorption device that is provided as at least a portion of the first aqueous salt stream.

Abstract: This disclosure provides improved processes for converting benzene/toluene via methylation with methanol/dimethyl ether for producing, e.g., p-xylene. In an embodiment, a process utilizes a methylation catalyst system comprising a molecular sieve catalyst and an auxiliary catalyst. The auxiliary catalyst comprises a metal element selected from Group 2, Group 3, the lanthanide series, the actinide series, and mixtures and combinations thereof. The auxiliary catalyst may comprise the oxide of the metal element. Deactivation of the molecular sieve catalyst can be reduced with the inclusion of the auxiliary catalyst in the methylation catalyst system.

Abstract: Disclosed are catalyst compositions comprising two or more metal elements with high performances for selective alkyl-demethylation of C2+-hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatics, processes for making such catalyst compositions, and alkyl-demethylation processes using same. Also disclosed are preferred processes for making alkyl-demethylation catalyst compositions including a high-temperature calcination step, and preferred alkyl-demethylation processes having a high H2/HC molar ratio.

Abstract: Catalyst compositions to perform selective alkyl-demethylation of C2+-hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon may exhibit a hydrogen chemisorption of at least 15% and comprise an oxide support material selected from the group consisting of an alkaline earth metal oxide, silica, a composite of an alkaline earth metal oxide and Al2O3, a composite of ZnO and Al2O3, a lanthanide oxide, a composite of a lanthanide oxide and Al2O3, and combinations and mixtures of two or more thereof; and a transition metal element dispersed upon the oxide support material. Alkyl-demethylation processes of a C6+ aromatic hydrocarbon-containing stream comprising C2+-hydrocarbyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons may comprise contacting the catalyst compositions in an alkyl-demethylation zone under alkyl-demethylation conditions to form an alkyl-demethylated aromatic hydrocarbon as an effluent exiting the alkyl-demethylation zone.

Abstract: This disclosure provides improved processes for converting aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene/toluene, alkylation, transalkylation, or isomerization. In an embodiment, a process comprises utilizing a passivated reactor to reduce deactivation of a molecular sieve catalyst. Additional measures such as the use of an auxiliary catalyst and/or an elevated reactor pressure may be used to further reduce deactivation of the molecular sieve catalyst.

Abstract: This disclosure provides improved processes for converting benzene/toluene via methylation with methanol/dimethyl ether for producing, e.g., p-xylene. In an embodiment, a process utilizes a methylation catalyst system comprising a molecular sieve catalyst and an auxiliary catalyst. The auxiliary catalyst comprises a metal element selected from Group 2, Group 3, the lanthanide series, the actinide series, and mixtures and combinations thereof. The auxiliary catalyst may comprise the oxide of the metal element. Deactivation of the molecular sieve catalyst can be reduced with the inclusion of the auxiliary catalyst in the methylation catalyst system.

Abstract: This disclosure provides improved processes for converting aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene/toluene, alkylation, transalkylation, or isomerization. In an embodiment, a process comprises utilizing a passivated reactor to reduce deactivation of a molecular sieve catalyst. Additional measures such as the use of an auxiliary catalyst and/or an elevated reactor pressure may be used to further reduce deactivation of the molecular sieve catalyst.

Abstract: A method, system, and apparatus configured to use a Bayesian inference model for detecting botnets in a network is disclosed. The system and apparatus may include an event generator and a controller. The event generator may detect at least one event in received data, and provide information associated with the at least one event. The controller may receive the information associated with the at least one event, determine, using a Bayesian learning process, a Bayesian network model based on the information associated with the at least one event, and determine whether at least one host associated with the received data is a bot.