Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for purifying proteins and other target molecules based on pI are provided.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for controlling molecular interactions where at least one member of a pair of chemical entities having a pH-dependent affinity is immobilized on the surface of an electrode. By changing the potential difference between the electrode and a counter electrode, the affinity of the pair of chemical entities is changed, changing the tendency of the pair to bind or to dissociate. Disclosed are also devices useful for implementing the methods of the present invention.

Abstract: Apparatuses and methods for controlling ionic strength and/or pH of a solution are provided.

Abstract: Antibodies are provided. For as example, an antibody capable of binding an artificial receptor which comprises a hydroquinone monolayer and is incapable of binding the artificial receptor when comprising a benzoquinone monolayer. Also provided are methods and systems using same for control delivery of a molecule-of-interest into a tissue.

Abstract: The invention concerns a system, device, kit and method for detecting the presence, or concentration of a target in a sample. An assay set comprising at least two spaced apart electrodes is used, comprising a recognition moiety, capable of specific binding to the target, which is attached to at least one of the electrodes or the substrate therein between. If the recognition moiety binds the target then a conductive bridge can be formed between the electrodes, based on the complex between the recognition moiety and the target. The conductive bridge is formed by using nucleation-center forming entities attached to the complexes or to the targets from which a conductive substance is substantially grown. Alternatively the conducting bridge forms a conductive polymer between the electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of fabricating a device having hollow nanoneedles which extend through a supporting membrane. The device can be used as a molecular delivery system.

Abstract: A method of separating a mixture of a plurality of molecular analytes having different isoelectric points (pIs). The method comprises placing a solution containing a mixture of a plurality of molecular analytes in a separation volume, generating a pH profile having a plurality of pH zones across an axis of the separation volume, and adjusting a profile of the pH profile to induce a migration of a first molecular analyte along the axis apart from a second molecular analyte. The first and second molecular analytes having different pIs.

Abstract: A device for isoelectric focusing. The device comprises a focusing container configured to contain an electrolyte solution and having a longitudinal axis and at least one electrolysis unit mounted in a close proximity to the longitudinal axis. Each electrolysis unit injects an ion flow into the focusing container so as to create a pH gradient having a plurality of steps in the electrolyte solution, along the longitudinal axis. Each step has a substantially uniform pH level and the pH gradient is defined by at least one pH ramp between every two sequential steps of the plurality of steps.

Abstract: A method for a tactile presentation of perceivable content. The method comprises receiving a data representing perceivable content, selecting a plurality of electric currents according to the data, each the electric current is associated with at least one of a plurality of regions of a solution having a plurality of macromolecules, and changing a level of acidity (pH) of at least one of the plurality of regions by applying a respective the electric current thereto. A proton concentration in the plurality of regions tactilely presents the perceivable content.

Abstract: A specified proton concentration in a volume (80) is produced by passing a controlled electrophoresis current through an adjacent electrophoresis volume (28) between a working electrode (26) and a counter electrode (24). An array of such volumes with specified proton concentration is used to provide the pH gradient for isoelectric focusing.

Abstract: Antibodies are provided. For as example, an antibody capable of binding an artificial receptor which comprises a hydroquinone monolayer and is incapable of binding the artificial receptor when comprising a benzoquinone monolayer. Also provided are methods and systems using same for control delivery of a molecule-of-interest into a tissue.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for controlling molecular interactions where at least one member of a pair of chemical entities having a pH-dependent affinity is immobilized on the surface of an electrode. By changing the potential difference between the electrode and a counter electrode, the affinity of the pair of chemical entities is changed, changing the tendency of the pair to bind or to dissociate. Disclosed are also devices useful for implementing the methods of the present invention.

Abstract: An artificial receptor comprises a non-biological surface having unique surface electrical properties that vary over its extent, the electrical properties being such as to configure an electrical field about the surface to provide specific binding for a target moiety such as a biological moiety.

Abstract: A method for depositing gold on a substrate is provided. By this aspect nucleation centers are bound, deposited or formed at one or more sites on the substrate, the substrate is then contacted with a treatment composition which comprises soluble gold-providing agent from which gold is deposited onto a nucleation center to yield gold metal deposits. The method of the invention may be used for a variety of image enhancing techniques as well as diagnostic and analyte detection techniques.

Abstract: A method for depositing gold on a substrate is provided. By this aspect, nucleation centers are bound, deposited or formed at one or more sites on the substrate, the substrate is then contacted with a treatment composition which comprises soluble gold-providing agent from which gold is deposited onto a nucleation center to yield gold metal deposits. The method of the invention may be used for a variety of image enhancing techniques as well as diagnostic and analyte detection techniques.

Abstract: Microelectronic network devices and components are fabricated by binding or complexing at least one electronically functional substance to a molecular fiber, such as a nucleic acid fiber. The devices and components can be combined by interconnecting the complexed fibers to provide microelectronic circuits or networks. Assembly processes involve interactions of various combinations of the fibers and substances used in fabrication.

Abstract: A microelectronic network is fabricated on a fibrous skeleton by binding or complexing electronically functional substances to the nucleic acid skeleton. The skeleton comprises fibers with nucleotide chains. The assembly of the fibers into a network is based on interactions of nucleotide chain portions of different fibers.

Abstract: The invention concerns a system, device, kit and method for detecting the presence, or concentration of a target in a sample. An assay set comprising at least two spaced apart electrodes is used, comprising a recognition moiety, capable of specific binding to the target, which is attached to at least one of the electrodes or the substrate therein between. If the recognition moiety binds the target then a conductive bridge can be formed between the electrodes, based on the complex between the recognition moiety and the target. The conductive bridge is formed by using nucleation-center forming entities attached to said complexes or to said targets from which a conductive substance is substantially grown. Alternatively the conducting bridge forms a conductive polymer between the electrodes.

Abstract: A microelectronic network is fabricated on a fibrous skeleton by binding or complexing electronically functional substances to the nucleic acid skeleton. The skeleton comprises fibers with nucleotide chains.

Abstract: The present invention relates to semiconductor devices which incorporate doped semiconductor elements or modulation doped devices wherein ballistic electrons in these elements or in a two-dimensional electron gas (2-DEG) are deflected by shaped potential barriers. A shaped potential barrier is formed by depositing a shaped electrode on the surface of the device and applying a potential to it. The electrode may take the shape of a biconcave lens which induces a potential barrier of that shape in the underlying device. Upon transiting the potential barrier induced by the shaped electrode, the phases of the exiting electrons are different across the width of the electrode and the beam of electrons is focused. By changing the applied potential, the focal point of the exiting electrons may be moved in a direction parallel to the axis of the lens-like electrode. Other electrode configurations such as a biconvex shape will cause incident electrons to diverge from their original paths.