Abstract: The present invention relates to an ex vivo method and means for determining the risk estimate of side effects of a drug and/or probability estimate of drug response in a subject, the method comprising collecting the mass spectra of substances present in the exhaled breath and analyzing the mass spectra using a previously trained mathematical model. The instant methods and means are particularly useful in therapeutic drug monitoring, determining the risk estimate of side effects of a drug, determining the probability estimate of drug response in the subject, and determination of subject compliance.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a device for determining the state of a phase-change memory cell. The method includes the steps of: biasing a cell with a time-varying read voltage (Vread); making a measurement (TM) that satisfies a predetermined condition where the predetermined condition depends on a cell current when the read voltage is applied; and determining a state of the cell based on the measurement.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a device for determining the state of a phase-change memory cell. The method includes the steps of: biasing a cell with a time-varying read voltage (Vread); making a measurement (TM) that satisfies a predetermined condition where the predetermined condition depends on a cell current when the read voltage is applied; and determining a state of the cell based on the measurement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for programming a phase-change memory cell. A bias voltage signal (VBL) is applied to the cell. A measurement portion (m) of this bias voltage signal has a profile which varies with time. A measurement (TM), which is dependent on a predetermined condition being satisfied, is then made. The predetermined condition is dependent on cell current during the measurement portion (m) of the bias voltage signal. A programming signal is generated in dependence on the measurement (TM), and the programming signal is applied to program the cell.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a device for determining the state of a phase-change memory cell. The method includes the steps of: biasing a cell with a time-varying read voltage (Vread); making a measurement (TM) that satisfies a predetermined condition where the predetermined condition depends on a cell current when the read voltage is applied; and determining a state of the cell based on the measurement.

Abstract: A method, an apparatus, and a device for determining the state of a phase-change memory cell. The method includes the steps of: biasing a cell with a time-varying read voltage (Vread); making a measurement (TM) that satisfies a predetermined condition where the predetermined condition depends on a cell current when the read voltage is applied; and determining a state of the cell based on the measurement.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for programming a phase-change memory cell. A bias voltage signal (VBL) is applied to the cell. A measurement portion (m) of this bias voltage signal has a profile which varies with time. A measurement (TM), which is dependent on a predetermined condition being satisfied, is then made. The predetermined condition is dependent on cell current during the measurement portion (m) of the bias voltage signal. A programming signal is generated in dependence on the measurement (TM), and the programming signal is applied to program the cell.

Abstract: An analog electronic circuit is proposed that e.g. computes the symbol likelihoods for PAM or QAM signal constellations. The circuit has at least one set of M transistors connected to a common current source. A multiplier/adder generates the voltages to be applied to the transistors from a value y and a set of M expected values in such a way that the currents through the transistors correspond to the likelihood that the value y corresponds to the expected values. The circuit can be used for signal demodulation and various other applications.

Abstract: The wet cleaning of filter cartridges (4) in fluidised-bed apparatuses and similar process units, without their being dismantled, is carried out by means of cleaning fluid sprayed out of nozzle orifices (10) arranged in the form of a ring, the nozzle orifices (10) being installed in the filtered exhaust-gas space (7) and the filter cartridge (4) being moved through this ring of nozzle orifices (10) by a lifting device (17). In a preceding flushing cycle, the filter cartridge (4) is filled with cleaning fluid and is then subjected to an ultrasonic transmitter (26) and with pressure pulses. The nozzle orifices (10) are designed and arranged in such a way that the issuing cleaning jets strike the filter casing (5) tangentially at an angle of inclination .alpha. and thus set the filter cartridge (4) in rotation. The best possible cleaning effect is achieved by the rotation and lift of the filter cartridge (4).