Abstract: Additional waste heat recovery from a high temperature reaction effluent is effected by cooling the effluent in a shell and tube heat exchanger, having continuous tubes, with the shell being divided into two sections. In the first section, the effluent is cooled by indirect heat transfer with water at a pressure to generate medium pressure steam, and in the second section, the effluent is cooled by water which is at a pressure to generate low pressure steam or a pressure to effect preheating thereof without vaporization. Heat recovery is effected with a minimum pressure drop.

Abstract: In the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons by contacting a molten salt mixture of the higher and lower chloride of a multivalent metal, such as a mixture of cuprous and cupric chloride, with molecular oxygen to effect oxidation to the oxychloride, followed by use of the oxidized salt for the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons, the quantity of carbon dioxide vented from the system is determined, and oxygen introduction is decreased in response to increases in vented carbon dioxide to decrease oxychloride concentration and limit carbon dioxide production.

Abstract: In the oxychlorination of a hydrocarbon, the ratio of hydrocarbon feed to hydrogen chloride feed is maintained within set limits in response to changes in the concentration of aqueous hydrogen chloride recovered from the oxychlorination effluent. The concentration of aqueous hydrogen chloride recovered from the effluent may be determined either by conductivity and/or density.

Abstract: In the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons, a gas stream containing unreacted hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide, and chlorinated hydrocarbon(s) is contacted with an acid gas absorption solution to absorb carbon dioxide, with the absorption solution being stripped of any absorbed chlorinated hydrocarbon, preferably by use of feed hydrocarbon as stripping gas, without stripping of carbon dioxide therefrom, to maintain the rich absorption solution introduced into the carbon dioxide stripper essentially free of absorbed chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: In the production of chlorinated hydrocarbons, a waste water stream is recovered from the effluent and stripped of chlorinated hydrocarbon impurities by the use of a portion of the hydrocarbon to be chlorinated as a stripping gas. In addition, an aqueous hydrogen chloride stream recovered from the chlorinated hydrocarbon effluent can also be stripped of chlorinated hydrocarbon impurities by the use of a portion of the hydrocarbon to be chlorinated as a stripping gas.

Abstract: An ammonium carbonate leach solution containing dissolved nickel and/or cobalt values is sprayed into a flash chamber to flash a portion of the ammonia therefrom, resulting in the production of a fine precipitate of nickel and/or cobalt carbonate. The solution is introduced into a stripping tower wherein remaining ammonia is stripped therefrom to precipitate further nickel and/or cobalt carbonate on the previously precipitated carbonate, which function as nuclei to reduce deposition in the column.

Abstract: An effluent containing chlorinated hydrocarbons and tar, withdrawn from a reactor employing molten copper chlorides and oxychloride, is quenched to separate carbon and tars, and the separated carbon and tars introduced into the reactor to effect combustion thereof. The reaction is preferably directed to the production of vinyl chloride or chlorinated methanes.

Abstract: In the fractionation of 1,1-dichloroethane and 1,2-dichloroethane, at least a portion of the reboil heat requirements for the fractionation is provided by chlorinating ethylene in the fractional distillation tower. The fractionation is particularly applicable to the production of vinyl chloride by the use of molten salts wherein ethylene is present as a by-product.

Abstract: Process for recovering hydrogen chloride from an aqueous hydrogen chloride off-gas from an oxychlorination reaction wherein hydrogen chloride is separated from the off-gas as an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride and employed as feed to an oxychlorination reaction. The process is particularly applicable to the production of vinyl chloride.

Abstract: An effluent from a process for producing vinyl chloride includes 1,2-dichloroethane and heavier components, with the 1,2-dichloroethane being recovered, in a heavy ends stripping column by use of ethane and/or ethylene as stripping gas. The stripping gas is ultimately used for production of vinyl chloride.

Abstract: A chlorinated hydrocarbon stream is cooled to condense water vapor and a major portion of the hydrogen chloride as aqueous hydrogen chloride. The uncondensed portion is further cooled by direct quenching with aqueous quench liquid to condense further water vapor, with the quench circuit being maintained on the alkaline side by the addition of base.

Abstract: Yeast is produced by fermenting hydrocarbons in an aqueous nutrient medium which includes sulfate, chloride and phosphate ions. When the fermentation is completed the nutrient medium has become depleted in mineral content and a large portion of it is purged. A calcium source is added to precipitate the phosphate ion out as calcium phosphate. The precipitated calcium phosphate is added to the yeast, which in itself is an excellent source of protein. The resulting product is suitable for use as an enriched animal feed. Meanwhile the removal of the phosphate ion eliminates a pollutant from the purge stream.