Abstract: A method of improving longevity and/or alleviating a symptom of aging or preventing age related diseases is provided. The method includes a step in which the subject's average and type of daily protein intake, IGF-I, and IGFBP1 levels, and risk factors for overall mortality, cancer and diabetes are determined. With respect to protein consumption, the relative amounts of protein calories from animal and plant sources are determined. A periodic normal calorie or low calorie but low protein fasting mimicking diet with frequencies of every 2 weeks to 2 months is provided to the subject if the subject's average daily protein intake level and type and/or IGF-I levels, and/or IGFBP1 levels is identified as being greater or lower than a predetermined cutoff intake/level and if the subject is younger than a predetermined age. The method is also shown to alleviate symptoms of chemotoxicity.

Abstract: Methods for lowering hypertension, elevated total cholesterol, elevated glucose and insulin, elevated IGF-1, elevated triglyceride levels, and/or elevated CRP levels, and elevated liver fat without negatively affecting or lowering the levels of these markers/factors in subjects with already low levels of these markers are provided. A method for elevating stem cells and regeneration and anti-inflammatory agents is also provided. Finally, a method for treating metabolic syndrome is also provided. A hypocaloric or calorie free diet or a fasting mimicking diet is administered for a first time period to the subject to reduce blood pressure or the levels of the above markers/risk factors for aging and age-related diseases.

Abstract: A method for treating a hyperglycemia and hyperglycemia-dependent side effects in a subject undergoing chemotherapy includes a step of identifying a subject undergoing chemotherapy and being administered a hyperglycemia-inducing agent. Short-term starvation or a fasting mimicking diet is administered for a first time period to the subject to prevent hyperglycemia and sensitization to chemotherapy associated with increased glucose levels. The STS-mimicking drug Metformin is administrated between STS/FMD cycles to maintain STS-/FMD-like conditions during the re-feeding period.

Abstract: A method of alleviating symptoms of, or treating, pancreatic beta-cell damage in a subject includes a step of identifying a subject having pancreatic beta-cell damage. Multiple cycles of a diet protocol are administered to the subject. The diet protocol includes administering of a fasting mimicking diet and a re-feeding diet where the fasting mimicking diet is provided for a first time period and the re-feeding diet is provided for a second time period.

Abstract: A method of improving longevity and/or alleviating a symptom of aging or preventing age related diseases is provided. The method includes a step in which the subject's average and type of daily protein intake, IGF-I, and IGFBP1 levels, and risk factors for overall mortality, cancer and diabetes are determined. With respect to protein consumption, the relative amounts of protein calories from animal and plant sources are determined. A periodic normal calorie or low calorie but low protein fasting mimicking diet with frequencies of every 2 weeks to 2 months is provided to the subject if the subject's average daily protein intake level and type and/or IGF-I levels, and/or IGFBP1 levels is identified as being greater or lower than a predetermined cutoff intake/level and if the subject is younger than a predetermined age. The method is also shown to alleviate symptoms of chemotoxicity.

Abstract: A method of alleviating or treating symptoms of cancer and/or effects of chemotherapy or of kinase inhibitors includes a step of identifying a subject having cancer. A reduced caloric diet is administered to the subject for a first time period, the reduced caloric diet providing at most 1000 kcal per day. A kinase inhibitor is administered to the subject.

Abstract: A method of alleviating symptoms of, or treating, pancreatic beta-cell damage in a subject includes a step of identifying a subject having pancreatic beta-cell damage. Multiple cycles of a diet protocol are administered to the subject. The diet protocol includes administering of a fasting mimicking diet and a re-feeding diet where the fasting mimicking diet is provided for a first time period and the re-feeding diet is provided for a second time period.

Abstract: A method of improving longevity and/or alleviating a symptom of aging or preventing age related diseases is provided. The method includes a step in which the subject's average and type of daily protein intake, IGF-I, and IGFBP1 levels, and risk factors for overall mortality, cancer and diabetes are determined. With respect to protein consumption, the relative amounts of protein calories from animal and plant sources are determined. A periodic normal calorie or low calorie but low protein fasting mimicking diet with frequencies of every 2 weeks to 2 months is provided to the subject if the subject's average daily protein intake level and type and/or IGF-I levels, and/or IGFBP1 levels is identified as being greater or lower than a predetermined cutoff intake/level and if the subject is younger than a predetermined age. The method is also shown to alleviate symptoms of chemotoxicity.

Abstract: A method includes a step of identifying a subject in need of diet modification; and administering a first diet to the subject for a first time period. The first diet provides 4.5 to 7 kilocalories per pound of subject for a first day and 3 to 5 kilocalories per pound of subject per day for a second to fifth day of the first diet. The first diet includes less than 30 g of sugar on the first day; less than 20 g of sugar on the second to fifth days; less than 28 g of proteins on the first day; less than 18 g of proteins on days the second to fifth days; 20 to 30 grams of monounsaturated fats on the first day; 10 to 15 grams of monounsaturated fats on the second to fifth days; and between 6 and 10 grams of polyunsaturated fats on the first day.

Abstract: A method for alleviating a symptom of chemotherapy in a subject comprises identifying a subject undergoing chemotherapy and then administering a therapeutically effective amount of a GH/IGF-1 Axis inhibitory composition to the subject. Typically, the levels of IGF-1 and/or GH in the subject are monitored as well as chemotherapy related symptoms. A method of alleviating oxidative damage, cellular damage including mutations, and insulin resistance in a subject is also provided.

Abstract: A method for alleviating a symptom of chemotherapy in a subject comprises identifying a subject undergoing chemotherapy and then administering a therapeutically effective amount of a GH/IGF-1 Axis inhibitory composition to the subject. Typically, the levels of IGF-1 and/or GH in the subject are monitored as well as chemotherapy related symptoms. A method of alleviating oxidative damage, cellular damage including mutations, and insulin resistance in a subject is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods of protecting patients and sensitizing cancer cells in combination with chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. More specifically, the invention provides nutritional methods and formulations that are capable of reducing cancer growth without causing chronic weight loss in patients, protecting normal cells, tissues and organs from chemotherapy and/radiation therapy, and sensitizing cancer cells against low, normal and high-dose chemotherapy. Some of the methods also impede cancer growth even without chemotherapy.

Abstract: This invention provides methods of preventing neurotoxicity by activated microglia. A method of treating a medical condition in a subject is provided, wherein said condition is affected by the presence of neurotoxins such as peroxynitrite or TNF-&agr;, said method comprising administering to the subject a compound that decomposes peroxynitrite or inhibits TNF-&agr; secretion but does not affect normal activity of microglia, wherein the decomposition of peroxynitrite alone is sufficient to alleviate the pathology of said condition.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention there is disclosed a complete molecular pathway that regulates aging and longevity in yeast and evidence for the conservation of this pathway and mechanisms in organisms ranging from yeast to humans. This invention also identifies novel molecular mechanisms of aging in eukaryotes and provides new compositions and methods for the development of drugs that prevent and treat diseases and disorders associated with aging and extend the life-span of humans.