Abstract: A method for modulating a response signal includes introducing functionalized particles into a lumen of subsurface vasculature, wherein the functionalized particles are configured to interact with one or more target analytes present in blood circulating in the subsurface vasculature; and non-invasively detecting the one or more target analytes. A response signal, which may include a background signal and an analyte response signal related to interaction of the functionalized particles with the one or more target analytes, is transmitted from the subsurface vasculature. A modulation configured to alter the response signal such that the analyte response signal is affected differently than the background signal may be applied to a portion of subsurface vasculature. Analyte detection may be achieved by differentiating the analyte response signal from the background signal.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described that enable sensing of magnetic fields within skin tissue. Specifically, a system includes one or more microneedles that include a high magnetic permeability material. The system also includes a magnetic sensor communicatively coupled to the microneedle and configured to detect a magnetic field proximate to the microneedle. The system also includes a controller configured to receive information indicative of a magnetic field proximate to a portion of the microneedle. The controller is further configured to determine a presence of at least one magnetic nanoparticle proximate to the portion of the microneedle based on the received information. Alternatively, other embodiments include a microneedle that includes a nanodiamond material configured to detect a local magnetic field. Such embodiments also include a light source configured to cause the nanodiamond material to emit characteristic emission light that may indicate at least a magnitude of the magnetic field.

Abstract: A method for modulating a response signal includes introducing functionalized particles into a lumen of subsurface vasculature, wherein the functionalized particles are configured to interact with one or more target analytes present in blood circulating in the subsurface vasculature; and non-invasively detecting the one or more target analytes. A response signal, which may include a background signal and an analyte response signal related to interaction of the functionalized particles with the one or more target analytes, is transmitted from the subsurface vasculature. A modulation configured to alter the response signal such that the analyte response signal is affected differently than the background signal may be applied to a portion of subsurface vasculature. Analyte detection may be achieved by differentiating the analyte response signal from the background signal.

Abstract: A method for modulating a response signal includes introducing functionalized particles into a lumen of subsurface vasculature, wherein the functionalized particles are configured to interact with one or more target analytes present in blood circulating in the subsurface vasculature; and non-invasively detecting the one or more target analytes. A response signal, which may include a background signal and an analyte response signal related to interaction of the functionalized particles with the one or more target analytes, is transmitted from the subsurface vasculature. A modulation configured to alter the response signal such that the analyte response signal is affected differently than the background signal may be applied to a portion of subsurface vasculature. Analyte detection may be achieved by differentiating the analyte response signal from the background signal.

Abstract: Methods for characterizing a circadian rhythm of a wearer of a wearable device are provided. In one example, physiometric measurements are obtained over a period of time by one or more sensors of a wearable device configured to be mounted to a body surface of a wearer. A circadian rhythm of the wearer, such as a sleeping, waking, eating or movement pattern, is characterized based on the physiometric measurements. Based on the identified circadian rhythm, one or more settings of the wearable device, such as a timing or frequency of obtaining physiometric measurements, may be adjusted.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described that enable sensing of magnetic fields within skin tissue. Specifically, a system includes one or more microneedles that include a high magnetic permeability material. The system also includes a magnetic sensor communicatively coupled to the microneedle and configured to detect a magnetic field proximate to the microneedle. The system also includes a controller configured to receive information indicative of a magnetic field proximate to a portion of the microneedle. The controller is further configured to determine a presence of at least one magnetic nanoparticle proximate to the portion of the microneedle based on the received information. Alternatively, other embodiments include a microneedle that includes a nanodiamond material configured to detect a local magnetic field. Such embodiments also include a light source configured to cause the nanodiamond material to emit characteristic emission light that may indicate at least a magnitude of the magnetic field.

Abstract: Methods of exerting magnetic forces to collect and manipulate magnetic particles disposed in a portion of subsurface vasculature using a wearable device are provided. The wearable device is configured to change the exerted magnetic force over time. For example, the exerted magnetic force could be sufficient to collect the magnetic particles during a first period of time and low enough to release the magnetic particles during a second period of time. The exerted magnetic force could be changed over time to vary some effect on the magnetic particles, for example to control a rate of release of collected magnetic particles. In some embodiments, the magnetic particles are configured to bind to an analyte of interest. The collection and manipulation of the magnetic particles can enable detection of one or more properties of the analyte, modification of the analyte, and/or extraction of the analyte bound to the magnetic particles.

Abstract: An engineered particle for detecting analytes in an environment includes an electromagnetic receiver that is configured to preferentially receive electromagnetic radiation of a specified polarization relative to the orientation of the electromagnetic receiver. The engineered particle additionally includes an energy emitter coupled to the electromagnetic receiver such that a portion of electromagnetic energy received by the electromagnetic receiver is transferred to and emitted by the energy emitter. The engineered particles are functionalized to selectively interact with an analyte. The engineered particle can additionally be configured to align with a directed energy field in the environment. The selective reception of electromagnetic radiation of a specified polarization and/or alignment with a directed energy field can enable orientation tracking of individual engineered particles, imaging in high-noise environments, or other applications.

Abstract: Optical measurement of physiological parameters with wearable devices often includes measuring signals in the presence of significant noise sources. These noise sources include, but are not limited to, noise associated with: variable optical coupling to skin or tissue, variations in tissue optical properties with time due to changes in humidity, temperature, hydration, variations in tissue optical properties between individuals, variable coupling of ambient light sources into detectors, and instrument and detector noise, including electrical noise, radio frequency or magnetic interference, or noise caused by mechanical movement of the detector or its components. The present disclosure includes devices and methods configured to produce representations of the raw data in which noise, broadly defined, is separated from the data of interest. The disclosed devices and methods may include subtracting or calibrating out these noise sources and other spurious fluctuations in wearable devices with optical sensors.

Abstract: Methods for characterizing a circadian rhythm of a wearer of a wearable device are provided. In one example, physiometric measurements are obtained over a period of time by one or more sensors of a wearable device configured to be mounted to a body surface of a wearer. A circadian rhythm of the wearer, such as a sleeping, waking, eating or movement pattern, is characterized based on the physiometric measurements. Based on the identified circadian rhythm, one or more settings of the wearable device, such as a timing or frequency of obtaining physiometric measurements, may be adjusted.

Abstract: The present invention relates generally to the fields of cell biology and laboratory diagnostics, and particularly to general compositions and of uniquely tagged particles linked to moieties of known properties and methods of making tagged, functionalized particles. Additionally, the invention relates to methods of screening a collection of tagged functionalized particles.

Abstract: Optical measurement of physiological parameters with wearable devices often includes measuring signals in the presence of significant noise sources. These noise sources include, but are not limited to, noise associated with: variable optical coupling to skin or tissue, variations in tissue optical properties with time due to changes in humidity, temperature, hydration, variations in tissue optical properties between individuals, variable coupling of ambient light sources into detectors, and instrument and detector noise, including electrical noise, radio frequency or magnetic interference, or noise caused by mechanical movement of the detector or its components. The present disclosure includes devices and methods configured to produce representations of the raw data in which noise, broadly defined, is separated from the data of interest. The disclosed devices and methods may include subtracting or calibrating out these noise sources and other spurious fluctuations in wearable devices with optical sensors.

Abstract: A system for measuring and/or monitoring an analyte present on the skin is provided. The system includes a substrate that may be attached to an external skin surface and a reader device. The substrate includes a sensor comprising aptamer conjugates and is configured to obtain one or more measurements related to at least one analyte in the perspiration or interstitial fluid. The reader device is configured to detect the analyte in the least one of perspiration or interstitial fluid via interaction with the substrate.

Abstract: A system for measuring and/or monitoring an analyte present in interstitial fluid in skin is provided. The system includes a substrate that may be implanted into the skin and a reader device. The substrate includes a sensor comprising aptamer conjugates and is configured to obtain one or more measurements related to at least one analyte in interstitial fluid. The reader device is configured to detect the analyte in interstitial fluid via interaction with the substrate.

Abstract: A variety of wearable magnetic assemblies are provided that are configured to produce magnetic fields having high field magnitudes and/or high field gradients. Such magnetic assemblies include a plurality of magnetic segments arranged in a linear array. Individual magnetic segments of the magnetic array can each include multiple magnetic elements. An individual magnetic segment can include elements that have similar shape, size, composition, and relative location to elements of neighboring magnetic segments while having magnetic moments that are antiparallel to the magnetic moments of corresponding elements of the neighboring magnetic segments. These wearable magnetic assemblies are configured to exert forces on magnetic particles disposed in a portion of subsurface vasculature to attract, slow, speed, separate, or otherwise influence the magnetic particles in various applications. The magnetic particles can be configured to bind to an analyte of interest.

Abstract: A device and system for measuring and/or monitoring an analyte present on the skin is provided. The system includes a skin-mountable device that may be attached to an external skin surface and a reader device. The skin-mountable device includes a substrate, a plurality of micro-needles, and nanosensors. The micro-needles are attached to the substrate such that attachment of the substrate to an external skin surface causes to the micro-needles to penetrate into the epidermis, intradermis, or dermis. The nanosensors include a detectable label and are configured to interact with a target analyte present in the interstitial fluid in the epidermis, intradermis, or dermis. The reader device is configured to detect the analyte in interstitial fluid via interaction with the skin-mountable device.

Abstract: A device and system for detecting an antigen present in a sample is provided. The system includes a cartridge and a reader device. The cartridge includes a solid support having an addressable array of at least one type of antibody that is specific for a target antigen and forms a complex in the presence of the target antigen, a substrate having a mounting surface for the solid support, Protein M for competitively displacing the target antigen from the complex, and a housing for protecting the substrate. The reader device is configured to detect the antigen in a liquid sample via interaction with the cartridge.

Abstract: A system for modulating a response signal includes polyvalent functionalized nanoparticles configured to bind with target analytes located on a surface of a cell, a detector configured to detect an analyte response signal transmitted from the body, a modulation source configured to modulate the analyte response signal, and a processor configured to non-invasively detect the one or more target analytes by differentiating the analyte response signal from a background signal, at least in part, based on the modulation. The analyte response signal is related to the binding interaction of the target analytes on the cell surface with the polyvalent functionalized nanoparticles. In some examples, the system may also include magnetic particles and a magnetic field source sufficient to distribute the magnetic particles into a spatial arrangement in the body.

Abstract: Methods and systems for detecting the locations of individual instances of an analyte (e.g., individual cells, individual molecules) in an environment are provided. The environment includes functionalized fluorophores that are configured to selective interact with (e.g., bind with) the analyte and that have a fluorescent property that can be modulated (e.g., a fluorescence intensity that can be affected by the presence of a magnetic field). Detecting the location of individual instances of the analyte includes illuminating the environment and detecting signals emitted from the fluorophores in response to the illumination during first and second periods of time. Detecting the location of individual instances of the analyte further includes modulating the modulatable fluorescent property of the fluorophores during the second period of time and determining which individual fluorophores in the environment are bound to the analyte based on the signals detected during the first and second periods of time.

Abstract: A system for modulating a response signal includes aptamer conjugates, e.g., aptamer-particle conjugates, configured to bind with target analytes, a detector configured to detect an analyte response signal transmitted from the body, a modulation source configured to modulate the analyte response signal, and a processor configured to non-invasively detect the one or more target analytes by differentiating the analyte response signal from a background signal, at least in part, based on the modulation. The analyte response signal is related to the binding interaction of the target analytes with the aptamer-particle conjugates. In some examples, the system may also include magnetic particles and a magnetic field source sufficient to distribute the magnetic particles into a spatial arrangement in the body. The analyte response signal may be differentiated from the background signal, at least in part, based on modulation of the signals due, at least in part, to the spatial arrangement of the magnetic particles.