Abstract: A process for the refining of crude oil with at least one atmospheric distillation unit for separating the various fractions, a sub-atmospheric distillation unit, a conversion unit of the heavy fractions obtained, a unit for enhancing the quality of some of the fractions obtained by actions on the chemical composition of their constituents and a unit for the removal of undesired components, where the sub-atmospheric distillation residue is sent to one of the conversion units, the conversion unit includes at least one hydroconversion reactor in slurry phase, into which hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and H2S, is fed, in the presence of a suitable dispersed hydrogenation catalyst with dimensions ranging from 1 nanometer to 30 microns.

Abstract: Method for maximizing the reaction volume in a slurry phase reactor by determining the ratio (f) between the height of the foams (Hf) and the height of the reactor (HR) through an algorithm defining the gas hold-up in three zones, a first lower zone in which a bubble regime is established, a second intermediate zone where there can be the presence of foams, a third zone situated in the upper hemispherical part in which the multiphase mixture is accelerated until it reaches outlet conditions, the average gas hold-up being given by the weighted average of each of the three gas hold-ups of the three zones, characterized in that it uses nuclear densimeters positioned inside the reactor at different heights and comprises: measuring, for each nuclear densimeter used, gas density values, relating to different gas and/or slurry velocities, which correspond through said algorithm to calculated gas hold-up values, revealing, with a calculated gas hold-up of less than 40%, the absence of foams at least up to the height

Abstract: Provided is a system for the hydroconversion of heavy oils essentially consisting of a solid accumulation reactor and a stripping section of the products of hydroconversion outside or inside the reactor itself.

Abstract: Process for the refining of crude oil comprising at least one atmospheric distillation unit for separating the various fractions, a sub-atmospheric distillation unit, a conversion unit of the heavy fractions obtained, a unit for enhancing the quality of some of the fractions obtained by actions on the chemical composition of their constituents and a unit for the removal of undesired components, characterized in that the sub-atmospheric distillation residue is sent to one of the conversion units, said conversion unit comprises at least one hydroconversion reactor in slurry phase, into which hydrogen or a mixture of hydrogen and ¾ S, is fed, in the presence of a suitable dispersed hydrogenation catalyst with dimensions ranging from 1 nanometer to 30 microns.

Abstract: The process for treating a hydrocarbon-based heavy residue (1), in particular bituminous residues with a high asphaltene content, comprises the following operations: A) bringing the heavy residue to be treated to a temperature within the range of 325-500° C.; B) subjecting the heavy residue to be treated to a substantially adiabatic expansion in an environment at a pressure equal to or lower than about 0.1 bara, and at a temperature equal to or lower than 450° C., so as to separate, from the heavy residue to be treated, a first less volatile fraction (17) having a boiling point at atmospheric pressure equal to or higher than 540° C. and whose solid and/or anhydrous residue prevalently contains asphaltenes insoluble in pentane and/or other residues insoluble in tetrahydrofuran. It allows a more effective flushing, and also to actuate the process in an extremely simple plant and without centrifugations.

Abstract: Method for maximizing the reaction volume in a slurry phase reactor by determining the ratio (f) between the height of the foams (Hf) and the height of the reactor (HR) through an algorithm defining the gas hold-up in three zones, a first lower zone in which a bubble regime is established, a second intermediate zone where there can be the presence of foams, a third zone situated in the upper hemispherical part in which the multiphase mixture is accelerated until it reaches outlet conditions, the average gas hold-up being given by the weighted average of each of the three gas hold-ups of the three zones, characterized in that it uses nuclear densimeters positioned inside the reactor at different heights and comprises: measuring, for each nuclear densimeter used, gas density values, relating to different gas and/or slurry velocities, which correspond through said algorithm to calculated gas hold-up values, revealing, with a calculated gas hold-up of less than 40%, the absence of foams at least up to the height

Abstract: System and relative process for the complete and high-productivity hydroconversion of heavy oils essentially consisting of a solid accumulation reactor and a stripping section of the conversion products outside or inside the reactor itself. In particular, the system proposed consists of a solid accumulation hydroconversion reactor in which the solids deriving from and generated by the feedstock treated (metals in the form of sulphides and coke) are accumulated, up to very high levels, and a hot gas stripping section of the reaction liquid, designed in relation to the type of reactor adopted, for the direct and continuous removal of the conversion products, including high-boiling products.

Abstract: Modular reactor for exothermic/endothermic chemical reactions which take place in three-phase systems, comprising a series of modules, superimposed with respect to each other, fixed to each other by means of coupling flanges, each module consisting of an external cylindrical body and a series of tube bundles, for the circulation of a thermal-exchange fluid, positioned inside said body.

Abstract: System and relative process for the complete and high productivity hydroconversion of heavy oils essentially consisting of a solid accumulation reactor and a stripping section of the conversion products outside or inside the reactor itself. In particular, the system proposed consists of a solid accumulation hydroconversion reactor in which the solids deriving from and generated by the feedstock treated (metals in the form of sulphides and coke) are accumulated, up to very high levels, and a hot gas stripping section of the reaction liquid, designed in relation to the type of reactor adopted, for the direct and continuous removal of the conversion products, including high-boiling products.

Abstract: Modular reactor for exothermic/endothermic chemical reactions which take place in three-phase systems, comprising a series of modules, superimposed with respect to each other, fixed to each other by means of coupling flanges, each module consisting of an external cylindrical body and a series of tube bundles, for the circulation of a thermal-exchange fluid, positioned inside said body.

Abstract: Modular reactor for exothermic/endothermic chemical reactions which take place in three-phase systems, comprising a series of modules, superimposed with respect to each other, fixed to each other by means of coupling flanges, each module consisting of an external cylindrical body and a series of tube bundles, for the circulation of a thermal-exchange fluid, positioned inside said body.

Abstract: A supported cobalt-based catalyst, characterized in that the carrier has an average particle diameter, measured by Coulter LS230, ranging from 70 to 250 &mgr;m, a surface area higher than 175 m2/g and a pore volume higher than 0.35 cm3/g, measured by the B.E.T. method. The catalyst is particularly useful in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

Abstract: A supported cobalt-based catalyst is described, characterized in that the carrier has an average particle diameter, measured by means of Coulter LS230, ranging from 70 to 250 &mgr;m, a surface area higher than 175 m2/g and a pore volume higher than 0.35 cm3/g, measured with the B.E.T. method. The above catalyst is particularly useful in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

Abstract: A supported cobalt-based catalyst characterized in that the carrier has an average particle diameter, measured by means of Coulter LS230, ranging from 70 to 250 &mgr;m, a surface area higher than 175 m2/g and a pore volume higher than 0.35 cm3/g, measured with the B.E.T. method. The catalyst is useful in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

Abstract: Optimized process for effecting the production of heavy hydrocarbons according to the Fischer-Tropsch method which comprises: (a) feeding the reagent gases into a reactor; (b) at least partially recovering the heavy hydrocarbons formed in step (a) by their external or internal separation from the catalytic particles; the above process being characterized in that in step (a) the reaction takes place: (1) in t he presence of solid particles which have a particle Reynolds number (Rep) greater than 0.1, (2) keeping the solid particles suspended at a height H, with Us, Ul, and Ug value s which are such as to have a Bodenstein number Bos≦1, preferably ≦0.4.

Abstract: A supported cobalt-based catalyst is described, characterized in that the carrier has an average particle diameter, measured by means of Coulter LS230, ranging from 70 to 250 &mgr;m, a surface area higher than 175 m2/g and a pore volume higher than 0.35 cm3/g, measured with the B.E.T. method. The above catalyst is particularly useful in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction.

Abstract: Continuous process for the production of prevalently heavy hydrocarbons starting from synthesis gas in the presence of a gas phase, a liquid and a solid catalyst, the above process being carried out using a bubble column, characterized in that the bubble column internally has: (a) at least one draft-tube; (b) at least one device for the inlet of the synthesis gas; (c) at least one device for the inlet of the regenerating gas; (d) at least one device for activating/interrupting the stream of regenerating gas; (e) optional devices suitable for minimizing the mixing of the synthesis gas with the regenerating gas.

Abstract: Reactor for chemical reactions which are carried out in triphasic systems (liquid, gas, solid) which includes a bottom head into which the reagent gas is fed, through an inlet nozzle; one or more superimposed thermal exchange sections, each of these sections being immersed in the corresponding synthesis sections; a head containing outlet nozzles for discharging the suspension and outlet nozzles for discharging the non-reacted gas and a group of inclined transversal diaphragms for separating the particles of liquid and/or solid drawn therein.

Abstract: Process for the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas which comprises:a) feeding to a reactor for Fischer-Tropsch reactions, containing a catalyst based on supported cobalt, a synthesis gas in molar ratios H.sub.2 /CO ranging from 1 to 3;b) discharging from the reactor a hydrocarbon liquid phase containing the catalyst, in suspension;c) feeding the suspension to a hydrocracking reactor operating at a temperature ranging from 200 to 500.degree. C.;d) discharging a vapour phase from the head of the hydrocracking reactor and from the bottom a suspension containing heavier products which is recycled to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor;e) cooling and condensing the vapour phase.

Abstract: Process for the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas which comprises: a) feeding to the bottom of a reactor for Fischer-Tropsch reactions a synthesis gas with molar ratios H.sub.2 /CO ranging from 1 to 3;b) discharging from the head of the reactor a hydrocarbon liquid phase containing the catalyst, in suspension;c) feeding the suspension to at least a first hydrocyclone to obtain a partially separated product containing from 0.5 to 15% by volume of solid particles;d) feeding the partially separated product to at least a second hydrocyclone to obtain a stream of liquid substantially without solid particles.