Abstract: Nano-particle materials including nanometer-scaled particles with a variety of sizes, chemical compositions, and properties may be used to form functional and/or protective media (layers) on a variety of materials and items. Among the items that may be coated and/or protected by nano-particle materials are integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), photonics devices and packages, optical fibers, and displays, as well as various macroscopic structures, such as pipes (tubes), bridges, towers and other civil engineering structures, all kinds of marine vehicles and off-shore structures, aircraft and aerospace structures, cars, etc.

Abstract: Nano-particle materials including nanometer-scaled particles with a variety of sizes, chemical compositions, and properties may be used to form functional and/or protective media (layers) on a variety of materials and items. Among the items that may be coated and/or protected by nano-particle materials are integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), photonics devices and packages, optical fibers, and displays, as well as various macroscopic structures, such as pipes (tubes), bridges, towers and other civil engineering structures, all kinds of marine vehicles and off-shore structures, aircraft and aerospace structures, cars, etc.

Abstract: A method for altering the surface structure of ultra-disperse particles to allow predetermined interactions to take place in biological media. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, an ultra-disperse particle is subjected to particle modification, allowing the building of structures on the surface of a basically spherical particle so as to direct its interactions. The inventive method allows the building of protrusions of different shapes and different branching patterns, bonding of different chemicals and changing of electronic structure of the surface on the basically spherical particle. Particle modification enables the formation of layers allowing sequential actions to be performed by the particle, or modification can create more than one type of interactive surface on each particle allowing different interactions to occur simultaneously. These modified particles have applications, for example, as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, preservatives, and in many other fields.