Abstract: An apparatus for performing centrifugal crystallization of organics, which unifies all the individual steps for the removal of impurities into a single operation. The apparatus consists of two coaxial rotors and stationary parts. A crystallizable feed stock is mixed under pressure with a suitable refrigerating solvent and injected into a rotating liquid ring of the process materials. A faster drum-shaped outer rotor rotates the process materials while a slower frame-shaped inner rotor distributes the combined feed, collects refined product and recycles crystal fines as seeds. Advantage is taken of the centrifugal force and of the radial pressure gradient for gradual adiabatic evaporation of the solvent and simultaneous crystallization of the substance to be purified, as well as for the separation of phases, counter-current crystal washing with its own melt, followed by product melting by external heat, and withdrawal of a product from the apparatus.

Abstract: A compression ratio control system consists of a two-part piston forming a hydraulic chamber between the two slidable parts; their relative position, which determines the piston height, is controlled outside of the engine by regulating the pressure of engine oil going to the crankshaft and channeled to the hydraulic chamber through the crank mechanism. Piston height adjustment is accomplished incrementally by balancing the oil pressure against the momentary cylinder pressure transmitted to the hydraulic chamber, for a short interval at a predetermined angular crankshaft position, using a timing device located at the crankshaft end of a piston rod. The timing device consists of a set of small valves operated by inertial forces; with respect to the oil flow, these valves are arranged in series and on different timing given by their angular orientation, so as to open the oil passage during their opening overlap once per cycle.