Abstract: The invention refers to a process for measuring spacing at a paper machine headbox. It is primarily characterized by constant magnetic fields being generated at the headbox slice gap area, the intensity of these fields being measured and these measurements being used to determine the gap between the individual lips. The invention also refers to a measuring device to determine spacing in the headbox 1 area of a paper machine, where a magnetic field generator 10 for a constant magnetic field is provided in one of the two elements 11 that determine the gap and a measuring device for magnetic fields 9 is contained in the second of the two elements 7, 8 determining the gap.

Abstract: The invention refers to a process for regulating a screw press, particularly for dewatering a pulp suspension. It is mainly characterized by the speed being varied as a function of the torque.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for controlling and/or regulating a solids-liquid separation process, such as in a dewatering or drying device includes at least two photodetectors, each associated with a light source, a detector to detect light of the associated light source reflected from the surface of the solids-liquid mass, a controller generating an output signal as a function of the detected light and converting and processing the output signals of the photodetectors into correcting variables for controlling and/or regulating at least one process parameter of the separation process. At least one of the photodetectors is associated with at least one second photodetector for detecting light reflected into the photodetector at an angle, preferably an angle of 30.degree. to the main direction of reflection. The output signals of the photodetectors are advantageously processed into correcting variables for the step-wise adjustment of the at least one process parameter to optimize the separation process.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for controlling and/or regulating a solids-liquid separation process, such as in a dewatering or drying device includes at least two photodetectors, each associated with a light source, a detector to detect light of the associated light source reflected from the surface of the solids-liquid mass, a controller generating an output signal as a function of the detected light and converting and processing the output signals of the photodetectors into correcting variables for controlling and/or regulating at least one process parameter of the separation process. At least one of the photodetectors is associated with at least one second photodetector for detecting light reflected into the photodetector at an angle, preferably an angle of 30.degree. to the main direction of reflection. The output signals of the photodetectors are advantageously processed into correcting variables for the step-wise adjustment of the at least one process parameter to optimize the separation process.

Abstract: The metallurgical vessel comprises a continuous wall and a bottom plate and such vessel constitutes a mold for electrically remelting an electrode by resistance heating of an electrically conductive slag bath. The metallurgical vessel further comprises solenoids for generating an electromagnetic field which is controlled by control means operatively connected to a reference signal generator and to magnetic measuring means like Hall generators preferably arranged tangentially relative to the vessel.