Abstract: A transmission delay line is introduced between the switch and the power output side of a power switching system so that sparking of the load is hidden from the switch by the time delay of the transmission line. This makes it possible to detect the load spark and actively protect the switch, typically by turning the switch off, before it actually knows that there has been a load fault spark. Alternatively, the delay of the transmission line is long enough so that the switch has already been turned off in normal pulse operation before the load fault current reaches the switch. Either way, the switch will be turned off under normal current flow and will not be subject to destructive over-current or over-voltage conditions.

Abstract: A transmission delay line is introduced between the switch and the power output side of a power switching system so that sparking of the load is hidden from the switch by the time delay of the transmission line. This makes it possible to detect the load spark and actively protect the switch, typically by turning the switch off, before it actually knows that there has been a load fault spark. Alternatively, the delay of the transmission line is long enough so that the switch has already been turned off in normal pulse operation before the load fault current reaches the switch. Either way, the switch will be turned off under normal current flow and will not be subject to destructive over-current or over-voltage conditions.

Abstract: A transmission delay line is introduced between the switch and the power output side of a power switching system so that sparking of the load is hidden from the switch by the time delay of the transmission line. This makes it possible to detect the load spark and actively protect the switch, typically by turning the switch off, before it actually knows that there has been a load fault spark. Alternatively, the delay of the transmission line is long enough so that the switch has already been turned off in normal pulse operation before the load fault current reaches the switch. Either way, the switch will be turned off under normal current flow and will not be subject to destructive over-current or over-voltage conditions.

Abstract: A basic idea of the invention is to introduce a transmission delay line between the switch and the power output side of a power switching system so that any sparking of the load is hidden from the switch by the time delay of the transmission line. This makes it possible to detect the load spark and actively protect the switch, typically by turning the switch off, before it actually knows that there has been a load fault spark. Alternatively, the delay of the transmission line is long enough so that the switch has already been turned off in normal pulse operation before the load fault current reaches the switch. Either way, the switch will be turned off under normal current flow and will not be subject to destructive over-current or over-voltage conditions.

Abstract: A fluid is treated by coil assembly close to the fluid. An AC power is provided to the coil assembly. Current is conducted from the AC source in a first loop including a first switch during at least a portion of a first half-cycle of the AC power source. The first switch is opened during a second half-cycle and a subroutine of producing a first ringing pulse in the coil assembly and a second and subsequent ringing pulse is performed. The second pulse may be produced after or before the preceding pulse substantially decays. An apparatus for the method includes a controller configured to close the first switch and open the second switch during the first half-cycle and to perform the subroutine of closing and then opening the second switch during the second half-cycle to produce at least one ringing pulse of current in the coil assembly.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale are disclosed. The invention includes an apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove, or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles, or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale. The apparatus can include an open fluid directional means or conduit. The preferred open fluid directional means is a conduit manufactured of resilient, corrosion-resistant material. The apparatus is attached to a power source and has a controller means. The controller means is desirably a microprocessor and can include a switching means for regulating the current to the apparatus. However, simpler circuits and components can be used for the controller means. The apparatus includes a field generating means. The field generating means forms a treatment field.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for treating a fluid to destroy, remove or reduce undesirable agents, such as microorganisms, particles or ions, contained in the fluid and/or to inhibit the formation of scale. At least two charge carrying bodies or electrodes are spaced from one another by a gap located in or very close to the fluid, and a high voltage and high frequency cyclically varying voltage difference is imposed on the two bodies which creates a charge related cyclically varying electric field extending between the two bodies, across the gap and into the fluid to exert a treating effect on the fluid. The charge related electric field may be used by itself or in combination with other fields created by one or more electric coils associated with the fluid. Where two coils are used, their magnetic fields can be axially bucking and an axial gap between these coils has an axial width of an optimum value yielding an optimum fluid treatment effectiveness for the fields near the gap.

Abstract: A method and system of generating a ringing magnetic pulse for the treatment of flowing liquids include's a coil and an SCR coupled in series with the coil to form a first loop. An electronic switch is coupled in series with the coil to form a second loop. An AC voltage signal is applied to the coil having first and second half-cycles. Current is conducted through the first loop during the first half-cycle when the SCR is forward biased while preventing current from conducting through the second loop. Current is conducted through the second loop during a portion of the second half-cycle while current is prevented from conducting through the first loop. Current is interrupted through the second loop during another portion of the second half-cycle upon the coil current reaching a predetermined value to interrupt current flowing through the coil, thereby generating a ringing magnetic pulse.

Abstract: A power modulator includes a plurality of magnetic cores, at least one secondary that surrounds all of the magnetic cores, and at least one pulse generating module made up of an energy storage capacitor, switching means electronically controllable at turn-on and turn-off, a diode or an assembly of series-connected diodes connected in parallel with output conductors, and a set of single-turn or multi-turn primary windings, each set of primary windings surrounding a respective one of the plurality of magnetic cores, the sets of primary windings being connected in parallel to thereby provide a power modulator where each of the pulse generating modules drives all of the plurality of magnetic cores.

Abstract: A beam handling system that switches between two beam distribution systems (irradiation areas). When the first product has passed the beam, the second product starts to be irradiated in the second beam. This may be the same beam but directed in a different direction, or two separate beams, and the switching of direction is synchronized to occur as one product irradiation is completed and the second comes into position.

Abstract: A beam delivery system uses a set of electronically controlled magnets with a common magnetic yoke to steer the beam directly onto the products being irradiated with a very short distance between the magnets and the products.

Abstract: A beam handling system that switches between two beam distribution systems (irradiation areas). When the first product has passed the beam, the second product starts to be irradiated in the second beam. This may be the same beam but directed in a different direction, or two separate beams, and the switching of direction is synchronized to occur as one product irradiation is completed and the second comes into position.

Abstract: A beam delivery system uses a set of electronically controlled magnets with a common magnetic yoke to steer the beam directly onto the products being irradiated with a very short distance between the magnets and the products.

Abstract: A power modulator includes a plurality of magnetic cores, at least one secondary that surrounds all of the magnetic cores, and at least one pulse generating module made up of an energy storage capacitor, switching means electronically controllable at turn-on and turn-off, a diode or an assembly of series-connected diodes connected in parallel with output conductors, and a set of single-turn or multi-turn primary windings, each set of primary windings surrounding a respective one of the plurality of magnetic cores, the sets of primary windings being connected in parallel to thereby provide a power modulator where each of the pulse generating modules drives all of the plurality of magnetic cores.