Abstract: The present invention refers to dyestuffs of the formula (I) wherein A is carbon linked moieties especially chromophores; Y is N or C X1 is halogen or tertiary ammonium, especially pyridinium; L1 is a carbon based linking unit, optionally interrupted by O-atoms or optionally substituted N-atoms, especially ethylene or propylene R0, R1, R2 and R3 are independently hydrogen, C1 to C4 alkyl groups optionally substituted, or R2 is a group of the general formula (a*), or R3 independently is a group of the general formula (b*): (a*), (b*) wherein A1 and A2 have one of the meanings of A. Y1 and Y2 have independently one of the meanings of Y X2 and X3 have independently one of the meanings of X1, R4, R5, R6 and R7 are independently hydrogen or C1 to C4 alkyl optionally substituted. L2 and L3 are carbon based linking units, optionally interrupted by O-atoms or optionally substituted N-atoms, especially ethylene or propylene. R1 and R2 may be linked together such as to form a cyclic structure together with —N-L1-N+.

Abstract: Mixtures of fibre reactive dyes comprising one or more dyestuffs of the formula (I) and one or more dyestuffs of the general formula (II) wherein Ar1, Ar2, X1, X2, L and M are as defined in claim 1.

Abstract: A process for the surface functionalisation of a polymeric substrate, which process comprises: (a) contacting the substrate with a diarylcarbene precursor, (b) generating a carbene reactive intermediate from the diarylcarbene precursor so that it reacts with the substrate to functionalise the surface, and (c) further functionalising the activated substrate obtained in step (b).

Abstract: The present invention refers to dyestuffs of the formula (I) wherein R1 is H or (C1-C4)-alkyl; R2 is H or (C1-C4)-alkyl; each of X1 and X2, independently, is a labile atom or group; and M is H, an alkali metal, an ammonium ion or the equivalent of an alkaline earth metal, wherein compounds wherein R1 and R2 are H are excluded, mixtures of the dyestuffs of the formula (I) with dyestuffs of the formula (II) wherein each of X3 and X4, independently, is a labile atom or group; L is an organic linking group; and M is H, an alkali metal, an ammonium ion or the equivalent of an alkaline earth metal, processes for the preparation of said dyestuffs and said dyestuff mixtures and their use for dyeing and printing hydroxy- and/or carboxamido-containing fiber materials.

Abstract: The present invention refers to dyestuffs of the formula I wherein R is an optionally substituted alkyl group; each of R1, R2 and R3, independently, is H or an optionally substituted alkyl group; each of X1 and X2, independently, is a labile atom or group; and each of A1 and A2, independently, is a chromophoric residue, processes for their preparation and their use for dyeing and printing hydroxy- and/or carboxamido-containing fiber materials.

Abstract: An alternative technique whereby highly reactive carbene or nitrene species are generated from inert precursors under less harsh photolytic, and sometimes thermolytic, conditions has also been investigated for application to dyeing and other surface modifying processes of various natural and synthetic polymers. The chemistry of cargenes and nitrenes is well documented, and these reactive entities are known to form covalent bonds with many types of functional group groups. The application of these species to the surface modification or organic solids using different approaches both for the generation of the required carbenes or nitrenes, and for their reaction with the solid surface has been reported. Interestingly, although nitrenes (often generated from an azide or sulfonylazide precursor under photolytic or thermolytic conditions) are more stable, and therefore less reactive, than their carbene analogues, they have used much more widely for the dyeing of polymeric substrates.

Abstract: A process for the surface functionalization of a polymeric substrate, which process comprises: a) contacting the substrate with a diarylcarbene precursor, b) generating a carbene reactive intermediate from the diarylcarbene precursor so that it reacts with the substrate to functionalize the surface, and c) further functionalizing the activated substrate obtained in step (b).