Abstract: An apparatus for forming a thin film having a vacuum container evacuated to high vacuum and receiving a gas for vapor deposition, a source of evaporation for evaporating a substance, a counter electrode holding a substrate to be vapor-deposited, a grid disposed between the source and the electrode for accelerating the evaporated substance, and an electronic gun for emitting thermions, which are hit on the evaporated substances to ionize them.

Abstract: A thin film forming apparatus including a vacuum tank capable of introducing an active gas and/or an inert gas thereinto; a source of evaporable substance disposed in the tank; a counter electrode disposed opposite to the source of evaporable substance in the tank and holding a substrate on which a thin film is to be vapor-deposited; a filament disposed between the source of evaporable substance and the counter electrode for generating thermal electrons; a grid disposed between the filament and the source of evaporable substance, and allowing evaporated substance to pass therethrough; and power source means for putting the grid at a positive potential relative to the counter electrode. Electrons emitted from the filament form a plasma in the vicinity of the grid and ionize evaporable substance from the source of evaporable substance before being absorbed by the grid. The ionized evaporated substance then is accelerated toward the substrate for low-temperature deposition on the substrate.

Abstract: A projection device for irradiating a light to a display device and optically magnifying and projecting a reflection light therefrom includes a liquid crystal cell, a first polarization device and a reflection device disposed respectively on the opposite side from the irradiated side of the liquid crystal cell and a second polarization device and optical magnifying means disposed respectively on an optical path of the reflection light reflected by said reflection device and outgoing from said liquid crystal cell.

Abstract: A liquid crystal color display device having a liquid crystal unit, a light source, and a color filter. The liquid crystal unit has a liquid crystal cell having a sealed liquid crystal material and a transparent pixel electrode composed of pixel electrode elements. The liquid crystal unit controls transmission and shutoff of light dependent on image information. The color filter is positioned for passage therethrough of light emitted from the light source. The color filter comprises pixel filters aligned with the pixel electrode elements in the liquid crystal cell. The spectral light transmission ranges of the respective pixel filters and/or the spectral light emission ranges of the light source are determined for improved improving color reproduceability.

Abstract: A color display device has a liquid crystal unit for passing therethrough electromagnetic radiation dependent on image information. The color display device also has a light source including electroluminescent materials or fluorescent materials. The electroluminescent materials and the fluorescent materials are essentially the same, but have different light-emitting mechanisms, i.e., electroluminescence and fluorescence. The light source with the electroluminescent materials is used singly or in combination with a color filter and the liquid cystal unit. The light source with the fluorescent materials is combined with a color filter and the liquid crystal unit. When the light source with the fluorescent materials is used, the amounts of the fluorescent materials for emitting lights in red, green, and blue, the light-emitting efficiencies of the fluorescent materials, and the transmissivities of the color filter for the lights in red, green, and blue are determined to meet certain conditions.

Abstract: A liquid crystal color display device for displaying a color image represented by an applied image signal, including a liquid crystal cell, one or two polarizers, and a fluorescent light-emitting means. The liquid crystal cell and one polarizer disposed on one side thereof, or the liquid crystal cell and the two polarizers sandwiching the same, jointly constitute a switching element responsive to the image signal applied to the liquid crystal cell for passing electromagnetic radiation in a pattern representing the image given by the image signal. The fluorescent light-emitting means has a fluorescent layer and a lamp for generating electromagnetic radition, and may additionally include a color filter. The fluorescent layer is responsive to the electromagnetic radiation from the lamp for emitting chromatic fluorescent light. Where the fluorescent light-emitting means has the color filter, the fluorescent light passes through the color filter to display the image.

Abstract: An information recording method and apparatus for forming a magnetic latent image on a magnetic recording medium, developing the magnetic latent image to a visible image with a magnetic toner and recording the developed images on a recording sheet, in which the magnetic toner is electrically charged to a predetermined polarity; and a rotatable magnetic recording medium comprising a magnetic recording layer for forming a magnetic latent image thereon is also electrically charged to the same polarity as that of the electrically charged magnetic toner, in such a manner that the magnetic attraction between the electrically charged magnetic toner and the magnetic latent images is stronger than the electrostatic repulsion between the electrically charged magnetic toner and the electrically charged magnetic-latent-image-bearing recording medium, but said electrostatic repulsion predominates in the background areas, whereby deposition of the toner on the background areas outside the image area is completely eliminate

Abstract: A method of image recording, including the steps of superposing a nonmagnetic sheet over a magnetic recording member, forming a magnetic latent image on the magnetic recording member either directly or through the nonmagnetic sheet by perpendicular magnetization before or after the nonmagnetic sheet is superposed over the magnetic recording member, developing the magnetic latent image with a magnetic toner from above the nonmagnetic sheet superposed over the magnetic recording member, to produce a toner image on the nonmagnetic sheet, fixing the toner image on the nonmagnetic sheet superposed on the magnetic recording member and separating the nonmagnetic sheet from the magnetic recording member following the fixing step.

Abstract: A photoconductive drum is formed with a photoconductive dielectric layer for producing an electrostatic image and an endless transfer belt is formed with a dielectric layer thereon. A toner substance is applied to the drum to produce a toner image, and a copy sheet is pressed between the belt and drum to transfer the toner image to the copy sheet. An electric potential of the same polarity as the electrostatic image is applied to the copy sheet to attract the toner from the drum onto the copy sheet. The potential has a magnitude which is slightly less than a magnitude at which charge transfer from the belt to the drum occurs due to dielectric breakdown through the copy sheet or field emission from the copy sheet to the drum which would degrade the electrostatic image. The method enables a large number of copies to be produced from a single electrostatic image through repeated development and transfer.

Abstract: An imaging unit forms a bipolar electrostatic image of a two color original document on a photoconductive drum (12). A first developing unit (13) applies a toner (16) of a first color and polarity to the drum (12) and a second developing unit (14) applies a toner (17) of a second color and polarity to the drum (12) to form a two color electrostatic image which is transferred and fixed to a copy sheet. A bias voltage of the first polarity is applied to the second developing unit (14) to repel the toner (16) of the first color and polarity against the drum (12) and prevent degradation of the first color toner image. A bias voltage of the second polarity is applied to the first developing unit (13) to prevent contamination of the first color toner (16) with the second color toner (17).

Abstract: In controlling the operation of an electrostatic apparatus to produce a large number of copies from an electrostatic image in a multiple copy process there is utilized a toner substance comprising a magnetic carrier composition in which each particle of the composition comprises a ferromagnetic material and a resin, the effective conductivity of the composition being determined by testing means separate from the electrostatic apparatus such that the effective conductivity is measured while the composition is free of absorbed water vapor and other gases encountered under operating conditions with the electrostatic apparatus.

Abstract: This invention provides an electrostatic copying method for forming multiple copies by repeating the process of developing an electrostatic latent image formed on an electrophotographic insulating material with a dry developer comprising electroscopic powder and carrier particles and the process of transferring the thus developed image onto a transfer sheet continuously without erasing said latent image, said carrier particles consisting of an essentially homogeneous ferromagnetic oxide having an apparent electric conductivity in the range of 10.sup.-11 -10.sup.-5 .OMEGA..sup.-1 cm.sup.-1, thereby rendering it possible to form multiple copies compared with the conventional copying methods.

Abstract: Liquid or dry developing substance comprising charged particles is applied to a base electrode in the form of a rotary cylinder. A sheet of recording paper is fed in contact with the cylinder. A printing head comprises at least one bias electrode to which is applied a bias voltage of a polarity to repel the charged particles against the cylinder. At least one shaping electrode which extends closer to the recording sheet than the bias electrode is selectively applied with a voltage of a polarity and magnitude to overcome the bias voltage and attract only the charged particles immediately adjacent to the shaping electrode to the recording sheet for printing.

Abstract: An electrostatic image is formed on a rotating photoconductive drum and developed a number of times to form toner images which are transferred to respective copy sheets. The drum is rotated at a first speed for exposure and development of the first toner image and thereafter at a second higher speed for development of the subsequent toner images. A magnetic brush applies the toner substance to the drum, and is rotated at a third speed when the drum is rotated at the first speed and at a fourth speed which is higher than the third speed when the drum is rotated at the second speed, thereby applying more toner substance to the drum at the higher speed and maintaining the copy density constant. Alternatively or in combination, a bias voltage applied to the magnetic brush may be reduced at the higher drum speed, also resulting in the application of more toner substance to the drum.

Abstract: A releasing layer is formed on a heat resistant backing sheet and a transparent thermal bonding layer is formed on top of the releasing layer to provide a coating material. The sheet of material such as photograph is mated with the coating material. When the sheet material is a photograph its emulsion side contacts the bonding layer and is passed through a heated roller assembly to bond the bonding layer to the photograph. The backing sheet and the releasing layer are then separated from the sheet material or photograph and bonding layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a photosensitive material for use in electrophotographic processes requiring at least two stages of charging which is superior in sensitivity, durability and hydrophilicity, said photosensitive material comprising a conductive substrate on which there is (1) a photoconductive layer containing an inorganic photoconductive substance and an inorganic glass and (2) a transparent insulating layer which is an inorganic glass, and may include a protective thin layer of a metal oxide.