Abstract: A testing apparatus for measuring the tensile strength of a flat sheet of material with a set of clamping jaw members having respective clamping surfaces. A cylinder is provided for closing the first and second jaw members in a clamped position. Transitional members are provided for transferring the load developed by the cylinder to the first and second jaw members without any bending deflections occurring at the clamping surfaces which secure the sheet sample.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for custom making paper comprising a filter like carrier substrate which is moved sequentially past a series of stations including a station wherein a liquid bearing solids in suspension is passed through the filter like carrier such that the solids form a paper sheet on the substrate carrier, moving the carrier with the deposited solids to a second stage where pressure is applied to the sheet to consolidate the solids into a sheet, further moving the carrier to a third station and exposing the sheet to heat for drying the sheet, finally moving the carrier to a fourth station and removing the so formed sheet from the carrier.

Abstract: Solvent pulping of wood chips or other fibrous plant material is effected using an aqueous solution of a lower aliphatic alcohol in a plurality of batch extraction vessels. The charge in each vessel is heated rapidly to pulping temperature by recirculation of a primary extraction liquor having a relatively high dissolved solids content, and thereafter the charge is subjected to a series of once-through extractions or washes with successively cleaner liquors, including a final extraction or wash with fresh liquor. The extraction liquor from one extraction stage in one vessel is used in another extraction stage in another vessel. Upon completion of the extraction, the liquor is drained from the vessel, the vessel is depressurized to a solvent condenser, and the remaining solvent is steam stripped from the charge and recovered. The used extraction liquor is treated in an alcohol recovery system by flash vaporization, condensation of the solvent vapors, and vacuum stripping of the residual liquor with steam.