Abstract: Provided is an on-line ice-melting apparatus. The apparatus is configured for melting the ice on a three-phase line. The apparatus includes an adjustable reactor, a grounding transformer, a controller, and an auxiliary circuit. The grounding transformer, the adjustable reactor, the auxiliary circuit, and a line of any phase of the three-phase line form a first control loop. The adjustable reactor includes a working winding, a control winding, and a short-circuit winding. The working winding is connected between the grounding transformer and the auxiliary circuit. The controller is electrically connected to the control winding and the short-circuit winding separately.

Abstract: Provided is an on-line ice-melting apparatus. The apparatus is configured for melting the ice on a three-phase line. The apparatus includes an adjustable reactor, a grounding transformer, a controller, and an auxiliary circuit. The grounding transformer, the adjustable reactor, the auxiliary circuit, and a line of any phase of the three-phase line form a first control loop. The adjustable reactor includes a working winding, a control winding, and a short-circuit winding. The working winding is connected between the grounding transformer and the auxiliary circuit. The controller is electrically connected to the control winding and the short-circuit winding separately.

Abstract: A DC-DC converter includes an inductor, a rectifier module, a first bridge arm topology and a second bridge arm topology and a third bridge arm topology in parallel as well as a capacitor, wherein the first bridge arm topology includes a first switching tube and a fourth switching tube in series, the second bridge arm topology includes a second switching tube and a fifth switching tube in series, and the third bridge arm topology includes a third switching tube and a sixth switching tube in series; the inductor has one end connected to a coupling point formed by connecting the first switching tube and the fourth switching tube in series, and the other end connected to a coupling point formed by connecting the second switching tube and the fifth switching tube in series.

Abstract: The present invention discloses a DC-DC converter, comprising: an inductor, a rectifier module, a first bridge arm topology and a second bridge arm topology and a third bridge arm topology in parallel as well as a capacitor, wherein the first bridge arm topology includes a first switching tube and a fourth switching tube in series, the second bridge arm topology includes a second switching tube and a fifth switching tube in series, and the third bridge arm topology includes a third switching tube and a sixth switching tube in series; the inductor has one end connected to a coupling point formed by connecting the first switching tube and the fourth switching tube in series, and the other end connected to a coupling point formed by connecting the second switching tube and the fifth switching tube in series; the first bridge arm topology and the inductor constitute a Buck converter, the second bridge arm topology and the inductor constitute a Boost converter, and the second bridge arm topology, the third bridge

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a method of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission comprising introducing one or more feed streams into a reformer to generate synthesis gas; and converting synthesis gas to dimethyl ether (DME). In some cases, the reformer is a fluidized bed dry reforming reactor. In some cases, the reformer comprises a hydrogen membrane. In some cases, the hydrogen membrane removes hydrogen contained in the synthesis gas and shifts reforming reactions toward completion.

Abstract: A system for the production of synthesis gas, including a gasification apparatus configured to convert at least a portion of a gasifier feed material introduced thereto into a gasification product gas comprising synthesis gas having a molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide; at least one additional apparatus selected from the group consisting of feed preparation apparatus located upstream of the gasification apparatus, synthesis gas conditioning apparatus, and synthesis gas utilization apparatus; and at least one line fluidly connecting the at least one additional apparatus or an outlet of the gasification apparatus with the at least one vessel of the gasification apparatus, whereby a gas from the at least one additional apparatus or exiting the gasification apparatus may provide at least one non-steam component of a fluidization gas. A method of utilizing the system is also provided.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a method of producing dimethyl ether (DME) comprising introducing one or more feed streams comprising methane and carbon dioxide into a reformer to generate synthesis gas; and converting synthesis gas to DME in one step. In some cases, the reformer comprises a Ni catalyst. In some cases, the reformer is a pressurized fluidized bed dry reforming reactor. In some cases, the reformer comprises a hydrogen membrane. The hydrogen membrane removes hydrogen contained in the synthesis gas and shifts reforming reactions toward completion.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a dry reforming reactor comprising a gas inlet near the bottom of the reactor; a gas outlet near the top of the reactor; a fluidized bed comprising a catalyst; and one or more hydrogen membranes comprising palladium (Pd). In some cases, the one or more hydrogen membranes comprises Pd alloy membranes, or Pd supported on ceramics or metals. In some cases, the one or more hydrogen membranes are placed vertically in the reactor as hydrogen membrane tubes hanging from the top of the reactor. In some cases, the hydrogen membranes are configured to selectively collect hydrogen from the tubes via one or more internal manifolds and sent to an external hydrogen collection system.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a dry reforming reactor comprising a gas inlet near the bottom of the reactor; a gas outlet near the top of the reactor; a fluidized bed comprising a catalyst; and one or more hydrogen membranes comprising palladium (Pd). In some cases, the one or more hydrogen membranes comprises Pd alloy membranes, or Pd supported on ceramics or metals. In some cases, the one or more hydrogen membranes are placed vertically in the reactor as hydrogen membrane tubes hanging from the top of the reactor. In some cases, the hydrogen membranes are configured to selectively collect hydrogen from the tubes via one or more internal manifolds and sent to an external hydrogen collection system.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a method of reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission comprising introducing one or more feed streams into a reformer to generate synthesis gas; and converting synthesis gas to dimethyl ether (DME). In some cases, the reformer is a fluidized bed dry reforming reactor. In some cases, the reformer comprises a hydrogen membrane. In some cases, the hydrogen membrane removes hydrogen contained in the synthesis gas and shifts reforming reactions toward completion.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a dry reforming reactor comprising a gas inlet near the bottom of the reactor; a gas outlet near the top of the reactor; a fluidized bed comprising a catalyst; and one or more hydrogen membranes comprising palladium (Pd). In some cases, the one or more hydrogen membranes comprises Pd alloy membranes, or Pd supported on ceramics or metals. In some cases, the one or more hydrogen membranes are placed vertically in the reactor as hydrogen membrane tubes hanging from the top of the reactor. In some cases, the hydrogen membranes are configured to selectively collect hydrogen from the tubes via one or more internal manifolds and sent to an external hydrogen collection system.

Abstract: Herein disclosed is a method of producing dimethyl ether (DME) comprising introducing one or more feed streams comprising methane and carbon dioxide into a reformer to generate synthesis gas; and converting synthesis gas to DME in one step. In some cases, the reformer comprises a Ni catalyst. In some cases, the reformer is a pressurized fluidized bed dry reforming reactor. In some cases, the reformer comprises a hydrogen membrane. The hydrogen membrane removes hydrogen contained in the synthesis gas and shifts reforming reactions toward completion.

Abstract: An apparatus including at least one seal pot having at least one penetration through a surface other than the top of the seal pot, each of the at least one penetrations being configured for introduction, into the at least one seal pot, of solids from a separator upstream of the at least one seal pot; a substantially non-circular cross section; or both at least one penetration through a surface other than the top of the seal pot and a substantially non-circular cross section.

Abstract: A system configured for the production of at least one product selected from the group consisting of syngas, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, power, and chemicals, the system comprising a dual fluidized bed gasification apparatus and at least one apparatus selected from power production apparatus configured to produce power from the gasification product gas, partial oxidation reactors configured for oxidation of at least a portion of the product gas, tar removal apparatus configured to reduce the amount of tar in the product gas, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis apparatus configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products from at least a portion of the product gas, chemical production apparatus configured for the production of at least one non-Fischer-Tropsch product from at least a portion of the product gas, and dual fluidized bed gasification units configured to alter the composition of the product gas. Methods of operating the system are also provided.

Abstract: A method of gasification by introducing a feed material to be subjected to gasification into a dual fluidized bed gasifier comprising a pyrolyzer fluidly connected with a combustor such that a circulation stream comprising a heat transfer material can be continuously circulated between the pyrolyzer, in which the temperature of the circulation stream is reduced, and the combustor, in which the temperature of the circulation stream is increased, wherein the pyrolyzer is operable to convert at least a portion of the feed material into a gasifier product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and wherein the combustor is operable to increase the temperature of the circulation stream via combustion of char introduced thereto with the circulation stream and at least one supplemental fuel. A system for carrying out the method is also provided.

Abstract: A method including introducing a carbonaceous feedstock and a heated heat transfer material into a gasifier, whereby at least a portion of the carbonaceous material is pyrolyzed; removing a gasification product gas comprising, entrained therein, char, particulate heat transfer material, and optionally unreacted carbonaceous feedstock; separating a solids product comprising char, heat transfer material and optionally unreacted carbonaceous material from the gasification product gas; heating at least a portion of the solids product via a combustor, thus producing a heated portion of the solids product and a combustor flue gas, wherein a portion of the heat for heating is obtained via combustion of the char; separating the heated portion from the flue gas, and introducing the separated heated portion into the gasifier, providing heat for pyrolysis; and utilizing at least a portion of the gasification product gas for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and/or power production.

Abstract: A gasification system including a gasifier operable to produce, from a carbonaceous feedstock, a gasification product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and a Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the gasification product gas, and power production apparatus configured to generate power from a second portion of the gasification product gas, at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or both. A method for operating the system is also provided.

Abstract: A system for the production of synthesis gas, including a gasification apparatus configured to convert at least a portion of a gasifier feed material introduced thereto into a gasification product gas comprising synthesis gas having a molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide; at least one additional apparatus selected from the group consisting of feed preparation apparatus located upstream of the gasification apparatus, synthesis gas conditioning apparatus, and synthesis gas utilization apparatus; and at least one line fluidly connecting the at least one additional apparatus or an outlet of the gasification apparatus with the at least one vessel of the gasification apparatus, whereby a gas from the at least one additional apparatus or exiting the gasification apparatus may provide at least one non-steam component of a fluidization gas. A method of utilizing the system is also provided.

Abstract: A method of gasification by introducing a feed material to be subjected to gasification into a dual fluidized bed gasifier comprising a pyrolyzer fluidly connected with a combustor such that a circulation stream comprising a heat transfer material can be continuously circulated between the pyrolyzer, in which the temperature of the circulation stream is reduced, and the combustor, in which the temperature of the circulation stream is increased, wherein the pyrolyzer is operable to convert at least a portion of the feed material into a gasifier product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and wherein the combustor is operable to increase the temperature of the circulation stream via combustion of char introduced thereto with the circulation stream and at least one supplemental fuel. A system for carrying out the method is also provided.

Abstract: A method of producing synthesis gas by introducing a feed material to be gasified into a gasification apparatus comprising at least one fluidized component operable as a fluidized bed, wherein the gasification apparatus is configured to convert at least a portion of the feed material into a gasifier product gas comprising synthesis gas; and maintaining fluidization of the at least one fluidized component by introducing a fluidization gas thereto, wherein the fluidization gas comprises at least one component other than steam. A system for producing synthesis gas is also provided.