Abstract: A novel chlorine dioxide production apparatus, or reactor, is disclosed. The reactor receives reactants from two or more feed pipes under pressure, and the reactants react in a reaction chamber that operates under elevated pressure and within a specified temperature range. A gaseous product, such as chlorine dioxide, is generated and is released directly into a liquid stream for bleaching, disinfection, and other purposes. Also disclosed is a novel system for production of quantities of chlorine compounds from commercial grades of starting materials, and methods of using the reactor in situ for bleaching, and for disinfection, decontamination, and sterilization of flows of water or other liquids. An automated system for multiple points of addition of chlorine dioxide to a flow to be treated is also disclosed.

Abstract: The invention is directed to methods, apparatuses, and systems for treatment of a liquid flow comprising addition of a chemical treatment at at least two locations along a side stream of a main flow of said liquid, in which the dosing by such additions is sufficient to treat the entire main flow upon return of the side stream to the main flow. Algorithms are utilized to control the additions at the locations of addition of chemical treatments. In a typical embodiment, one chemical addition is principally proportional to the flow rate of the liquid flow, and the other chemical addition is principally adjusted based on signals from a primary measuring device that measures a parameter in the flow after one or both chemical additions. The addition of chlorine dioxide as the chemical treatment, to disinfect wastewater, is discussed.

Abstract: A method for creating a multiwalled container capable of safely holding a desired liquid. The container may be formed using a mold or form or may be formed on the inside of an existing shell or structure, thereby incorporating the shell or structure as part of the container. The mold or shell is prepared and coated with a first, impermeable polymer layer. An interstitial material is then applied to the first polymer layer and a second impermeable polymer layer is then applied to the permeable, interstitial material. This creates an interstitial space between the two impermeable polymer layers. The process of applying interstitial material and additional polymer layers may be repeated as many times as necessary to achieve the desired number of impermeable walls within the container.