Abstract: A device and process for using the device are provided for the production of commodity chemicals by biological methods which require the addition of reducing equivalents. The device allows operating conditions to be conveniently altered to achieve maximal electrochemical efficiencies for a given biologically mediated redox reaction, series of reactions, or fermentation process.

Abstract: A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

Abstract: A device and process for using the device are provided for the production of commodity, specialty, performance or fine chemicals by redox enzyme systems which require the addition of reducing equivalents. The device allows operating conditions to be conveniently altered to achieve maximal electrochemical efficiencies for a given enzymatically mediated redox reaction or series of reactions.

Abstract: Provided herein are composition and process for using an electrochemical device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state in which unwanted products of the electrochemical reduction are recovered as the oxidized state of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and returned to the electrochemical device for reduction.

Abstract: Provided herein a re composition and process for using an electrochemical device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state in which unwanted products of the electrochemical reduction are recovered as the oxidized state of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and returned to the electrochemical device for reduction.

Abstract: A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

Abstract: A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

Abstract: Provided herein a re composition and process for using an electrochemica 1 device for the reduction of the oxidized state of phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to the reduced state in which unwanted products of the electrochemical reduction are recovered as the oxidized state of the phosphorylated or non-phosphorylated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and returned to the electrochemical device for reduction.

Abstract: Provided herein is process and system for the production of high-quality lignin by treating the post-fermentation solids. In one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a novel process comprising: providing a solid material remaining at the end of a fermentation process, wherein the fermentation process utilizes a lignocellulosic biomass feedstock; extracting lignin from the solid material into a liquid phase; and recovering lignin from liquid phase. In some embodiments, the fermentation process produces one or more of ethanol, n-butanol, iso-butanol, lactic acid, polyhydroxyalkanoates, succinic acid, 1,3-propanediol and 1,4-butanediol. In one embodiment's, the fermentation process produces ethanol.

Abstract: A combination of an electrochemical device for delivering reducing equivalents to a cell, and engineered metabolic pathways within the cell capable of utilizing the electrochemically provided reducing equivalents is disclosed. Such a combination allows the production of commodity chemicals by fermentation to proceed with increased carbon efficiency.

Abstract: A device and process for using the device are provided for the production of commodity, specialty, performance or fine chemicals by redox enzyme systems which require the addition of reducing equivalents. The device allows operating conditions to be conveniently altered to achieve maximal electrochemical efficiencies for a given enzymatically mediated redox reaction or series of reactions.

Abstract: A device and process for using the device are provided for the production of commodity chemicals by biological methods which require the addition of reducing equivalents. The device allows operating conditions to be conveniently altered to achieve maximal electrochemical efficiencies for a given biologically mediated redox reaction, series of reactions, or fermentation process.

Abstract: Apparatus and method monitors and controls biological activity of mixed liquor under anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic conditions by measuring the change of intracellular AND(P)H of the microorganisms. A wastewater treatment system is controlled in accordance with the results generated by the monitoring system.

Abstract: An improved apparatus and method for monitoring the characteristics of materials by their fluorescence are described. A unique design is employed in which common fields of view are provided for the optical paths for the illuminating light and the emitted fluorescence. In a preferred form they are coaxial. This permits the apparatus to be contained within a probe which may be inserted directly in a vessel containing the material to be analyzed. The device is specifically designed to withstand sterilization with steam, to operate aseptically within biological processes, and to maintain a high stability and sensitivity over extended periods of time.