Abstract: A hydrostatic pump for application in a battery experiencing sudden changes in acceleration or direction such as in a golf cart. The cells of the battery are provided with hydrostatic pumps using the motion induced waves in the electrolyte to develop localized hydrostatic heads and create circulation in the electrolyte.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for estimating the temperature of a vehicle battery, wherein the estimated temperature is used to control the voltage at which the vehicle battery is charged. The variables used to estimate the temperature of the vehicle battery can include a reference temperature sensed from one or more temperature sensors located apart from the battery, and a group of coefficients. Each type of vehicle using the vehicle battery temperature estimation method utilizes a group of coefficients tailored specifically for the vehicle. For a given type of vehicle, empirical data is compiled for determining the specific group of coefficients for the vehicle. This data is compiled by operating the vehicle, and periodically sampling and storing the vehicle speed, the reference temperature, the actual battery temperature, and the elapsed time between samplings. From this data a group of coefficient is determined for the vehicle.

Abstract: A hydrostatic pump for application in a battery experiencing sudden changes in velocity or direction such as in a golf cart. The cells of the battery are provided with hydrostatic pumps using the motion induced surface waves in the electrolyte to develop localized hydrostatic heads and create circulation in the electrolyte. The structure of the pumps additionally nullifies the otherwise detrimental effect of upward surge of electrolyte caused by the same change in velocity or direction.

Abstract: A plate for a bipolar battery includes a planar substrate of plastic conductive material, with a mesh of metallic wire disposed therein, the surfaces of the wires exposed above the substrate surface. This divides the substrate surface into discrete areas.

Abstract: The formation efficiency of pasted positive plates of a lead-acid battery is greatly enhanced by providing in situ a layer of lead dioxide (PbO.sub.2) on the pasted plate surfaces prior to formation. The PbO.sub.2 layer is preferably formed by treating the surfaces of the plates with an ozone-enriched gas to convert a portion of the poorly conductive positive active precursor material (nPbO.PbSO.sub.4) to electrically conductive PbO.sub.2. In subsequent electrochemical formation of the plates, the total formation charge can be reduced significantly while obtaining more complete conversion of the paste to positive active material. The method also provides an effective substitute for conventional curing of pasted positive plates.