Abstract: Disclosed are methods for forming a supported catalyst and catalysts formed according to disclosed methods. Methods include contacting a catalyst support with a precursor solution and displacing the solvent of the precursor solution (e.g., water) with a second solvent that has a lower surface tension than the first solvent. The second solvent displaces the first solution according to the Marangoni effect. Methods also include activation of the precursor to form a catalyst, e.g., a supported platinum group metal catalyst or the like.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods for forming a supported catalyst and catalysts formed according to disclosed methods. Methods include contacting a catalyst support with a precursor solution and displacing the solvent of the precursor solution (e.g., water) with a second solvent that has a lower surface tension than the first solvent. The second solvent displaces the first solution according to the Marangoni effect. Methods also include activation of the precursor to form a catalyst, e.g., a supported platinum group metal catalyst or the like.

Abstract: Described herein is a general scalable synthesis method for a high density of single metal atoms in a supported catalyst, supported isolated atoms featuring unique reactivity and the support materials determine the stability, electronic properties, and local environment which can be adjusted for targeted heterogeneous catalysis applications.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a glass composite catalyst electrode comprising a glass matrix and metal particles incorporated into the glass matrix. The present disclosure also relates to a method for composing a glass composite catalyst electrode. A glass composite catalyst electrode is a porous homogeneous structure with an approximately uniform distribution of metal particles. The metal particles are operable to catalyze reactions in the fuel cell. Conductive material, which may also be operable to catalyze reactions in the fuel cell, may be deposited on the glass composite catalyst electrode in order to increase the electrical conductivity of the glass composite catalyst electrode and to increase the electrochemically active area of the glass composite catalyst electrode.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a proton exchange membrane fuel cell comprising an ionically conductive liquid fuel solution, an anode configured to remain in contact with the fuel regardless of the orientation of the fuel cell, and a wicking material disposed within the fuel cell such that a part of the wick is in contact with the liquid fuel solution in any orientation of the fuel cell and such that a portion of the wicking material is in contact with the solid proton exchange membrane in any orientation of the fuel cell. The wicking material provides an ion pathway for transporting ions generated around the anode to the proton exchange membrane.