Abstract: A transmural ablation device is provided to achieve endocardial and epicardial ablation at the same site but directed from the inner and outer surfaces of the heart to create a transmural lesion. By ablating from both sides of the heart tissue, it is possible to increase the depth of the lesion created and to increase the likelihood of a transmural lesion. Embodiments pertain to techniques to align the endocardial and epicardial ablation elements and techniques to position and move the endocardial and epicardial ablation elements along a predefined linear, curvilinear, or circular path. The ability to bring the epicardial and endocardial elements more closely or firmly with the underlying tissue is important in creating optimal lesions. Magnetic force attracts the epicardial and endocardial elements.

Abstract: A transmural ablation device is provided to achieve endocardial and epicardial ablation at the same site but directed from the inner and outer surfaces of the heart to create a transmural lesion. By ablating from both sides of the heart tissue, it is possible to increase the depth of the lesion created and to increase the likelihood of a transmural lesion. Embodiments pertain to techniques to align the endocardial and epicardial ablation elements and techniques to position and move the endocardial and epicardial ablation elements along a predefined linear, curvilinear, or circular path. The ability to bring the epicardial and endocardial elements more closely or firmly with the underlying tissue is important in creating optimal lesions. Magnetic force attracts the epicardial and endocardial elements.

Abstract: A differential pair circuit includes a first transistor having a first control terminal, a first input terminal, and a first output terminal; a second transistor having a second control terminal, a second input terminal, and a second output terminal, a first buffer stage including a third transistor having a third control terminal, a third input terminal, and a third output terminal; and a second buffer stage including a fourth transistor having a fourth control terminal, a fourth input terminal, and a fourth output terminal. The first output terminal and the second output terminal are electrically connected; the third output terminal and the first control terminal are electrically connected; the fourth output terminal and the second control terminal are electrically connected; the first input terminal and the fourth input terminal are electrically connected; and the second input terminal and the third input terminal are electrically connected.