Abstract: A method for determining the lignin or lignin by-product content of a process stream includes measuring the fluorescence parameter of a fluorescence spectra of the process stream, comparing the measured fluorescence parameter with predetermined a fluorescence parameter of lignin or lignin by-product reference samples, determining the amount of lignin or lignin by-product based on the comparison with the reference samples. Lignin or lignin by-products can then be removed from a process stream by adding a sufficient amount of a compound suitable for precipitating the lignin or lignin by-product to the process stream, and removing the precipitated lignin or lignin by-product from the process stream.

Abstract: Methods for removing a target selenium entity from fluids by treating the fluid with a rare earth impregnated media containing an immobilized rare earth. The methods including obtaining a contaminated fluid comprising water and dissolved selenate; contacting the feed fluid with a rare earth impregnated media for removal of at least a portion of the selenate from the feed fluid thereby forming a treated fluid comprising less selenium than the feed fluid.

Abstract: A method for determining the lignin or lignin by-product content of a process stream includes measuring the fluorescence parameter of a fluorescence spectra of the process stream, comparing the measured fluorescence parameter with predetermined a fluorescence parameter of lignin or lignin by-product reference samples, determining the amount of lignin or lignin by-product based on the comparison with the reference samples. Lignin or lignin by-products can then be removed from a process stream by adding a sufficient amount of a compound suitable for precipitating the lignin or lignin by-product to the process stream, and removing the precipitated lignin or lignin by-product from the process stream.

Abstract: Methods for removing a target selenium entity from fluids by treating the fluid with a rare earth impregnated media containing an immobilized rare earth. The methods including obtaining a contaminated fluid comprising water and dissolved selenate; contacting the feed fluid with a rare earth impregnated media for removal of at least a portion of the selenate from the feed fluid thereby forming a treated fluid comprising less selenium than the feed fluid.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of synthesizing triazoles that avoids the use of concentrated acids in favor of carbonic acid generated from CO2 that can be practiced at ambient and/or elevated temperature and/or atmospheric and/or elevated pressures. The disclosed methods also provide a way of synthesizing triazole products that are sufficiently pure and/or of sufficient concentration whereby the reaction product(s) may not require purification or other treatment before being used in, for example, formulating water treatment compositions that will tend to suppress corrosion or as an intermediate product in a more complex synthesis.

Abstract: Disclosed are methods of synthesizing triazoles that avoids the use of concentrated acids in favor of carbonic acid generated from CO2 that can be practiced at ambient and/or elevated temperature and/or atmospheric and/or elevated pressures. The disclosed methods also provide a way of synthesizing triazole products that are sufficiently pure and/or of sufficient concentration whereby the reaction product(s) may not require purification or other treatment before being used in, for example, formulating water treatment compositions that will tend to suppress corrosion or as an intermediate product in a more complex synthesis.

Abstract: An electronically scanned array (ESA) antenna includes a main line along which an electromagnetic traveling wave may propagate and a plurality of array elements distributed along the main line. Each of the plurality of array elements includes a branch line; an antenna radiator at one end of the branch line; an electronically controllable reflection phase shifter at the opposite end of the branch line; a directional coupler which couples energy between the main line and the branch line.

Abstract: A phase shifter operable at microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies includes a dielectric substrate with a bottom surface having a conductive ground plane layer and a conductive patterned layer formed on a top surface to define a conductor pattern. A series of active tuning elements is mounted on the top surface and cascaded along a propagation direction in a spaced arrangement along a longitudinal extent. A housing structure includes a bottom housing structure with a planar conductive bottom surface for contacting the ground plane layer, and a top housing structure fabricated with a channel which extend along the longitudinal extent and provide clearance for the active tuning elements. A bias circuit is connected to the respective series of active tuning elements.

Abstract: A phase shifter operable at microwave or millimeter-wave frequencies includes a dielectric substrate with a bottom surface having a conductive ground plane layer and a conductive patterned layer formed on a top surface to define a conductor pattern. A series of active tuning elements is mounted on the top surface and cascaded along a propagation direction in a spaced arrangement along a longitudinal extent. A housing structure includes a bottom housing structure with a planar conductive bottom surface for contacting the ground plane layer, and a top housing structure fabricated with a channel which extend along the longitudinal extent and provide clearance for the active tuning elements. A bias circuit is connected to the respective series of active tuning elements.

Abstract: An electronically scanned array (ESA) antenna includes a main line along which an electromagnetic traveling wave may propagate and a plurality of array elements distributed along the main line. Each of the plurality of array elements includes a branch line; an antenna radiator at one end of the branch line; an electronically controllable reflection phase shifter at the opposite end of the branch line; a directional coupler which couples energy between the main line and the branch line.

Abstract: An antenna array employing continuous transverse stubs as radiating elements is described, which includes an upper conductive plate structure comprising a set of continuous transverse stubs, and a lower conductive plate structure disposed in a spaced relationship relative to the upper plate structure. The upper plate structure and the lower plate structure define an overmoded waveguide medium for propagation of electromagnetic energy. For each of the stubs, one or more transverse device array phase shifters are disposed therein.

Abstract: A transverse device array phase shifter includes an overmoded waveguide structure having a top conductive broad wall surface, a bottom conductive broad wall surface and opposed first and second conductive side wall surfaces. At least one transverse device array circuit is positioned in the waveguide circuit. Each circuit comprises a generally planar dielectric substrate having a microwave circuit defined thereon, and a plurality of spaced discrete phase shifter elements. The substrate is disposed within the waveguide structure generally transverse to the side wall surfaces. A bias circuit applies a voltage to reverse bias the phase shifter elements. The transverse device array phase shifter circuit causes a change in phase of microwave or millimeter-wave energy propagating through the waveguide structure.

Abstract: A transverse device array phase shifter includes an overmoded waveguide structure having a top conductive broad wall surface, a bottom conductive broad wall surface and opposed first and second conductive side wall surfaces. At least one transverse device array circuit is positioned in the waveguide circuit. Each circuit comprises a generally planar dielectric substrate having a microwave circuit defined thereon, and a plurality of spaced discrete phase shifter elements. The substrate is disposed within the waveguide structure generally transverse to the side wall surfaces. A bias circuit applies a voltage to reverse bias the phase shifter elements. The transverse device array phase shifter circuit causes a change in phase of microwave or millimeter-wave energy propagating through the waveguide structure.

Abstract: A voltage variable composite structure comprising: a first layer of metal; a second layer of low-loss dielectric material impregnated with an array of first metal vias; a third layer of a voltage variable dielectric material; a fourth layer of a patterned thin metallic film; a fifth layer of low-loss dielectric material impregnated with an array of second metal vias; and a sixth layer of metal.

Abstract: A voltage variable composite structure comprising: a first layer of metal; a second layer of low-loss dielectric material impregnated with an array of first metal vias; a third layer of a voltage variable dielectric material; a fourth layer of a patterned thin metallic film; a fifth layer of low-loss dielectric material impregnated with an array of second metal vias; and a sixth layer of metal.

Abstract: A combination plant wind screen, soil erosion barrier, water control apparatus, having an annular base member having a lower edge and an upper edge, a partial frusto-conical shield member having with an upper border and a lower border. The shield member is connected to and upwardly disposed from the base member, tapers inwardly from its lower to upper border. A ring is connected to the said annular base member for anchoring the apparatus to the soil when installed around a plant. A lower annular member disposed downwardly from the annular base member and around the roots of a plant controls water drainage.