Abstract: An improvement in known processes for preparing substituted carboxylic acids useful as acylating agents which comprise reacting (A) at least one aliphatic polymer of one or more lower olefins with (B) an acidic reactant selected from the group consisting of fumaric acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, and the corresponding anhydrides, lower alkyl esters, acyl chlorides and acyl bromides, in the presence of chlorine can be improved by the steps of (i) reacting at a temperature of about 100.degree.-200.degree. C., a mixture of (A) and (B) in the presence of about 0.05 to 0.15 equivalent of chlorine per equivalent of (A) until all of the chlorine has reacted to provide a first intermediate product (ii) continuing the reaction in the absence of chlorine at a temperature of from about 180.degree.-250.degree. C. until a conversion of 0.4 to 1.1 equivalents of (B) per equivalent of (A) is attained to provide a second intermediate product, and (iii) reacting said second intermediate with about 0.2 to 1.

Abstract: Combinations of certain hydroxy amines, particularly the "Ethomeens," and hydrocarbon-soluble carboxylic dispersants are useful as engine and carburetor detergents for normally liquid fuels. The preferred compositions are those in which the carboxylic dispersants are the reaction products of substituted succinic acids with polar compounds, especially with amines such as ethylene polyamines.

Abstract: Additives made by reaction of (A) at least one phosphorus acid compound of the formula: ##STR1## wherein each X is independently oxygen or divalent sulfur, M is hydrogen or an equivalent of metal or ammonium cation, R is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbyloxy or hydrocarbyl mercapto group of about one to about 30 carbon atoms and R' is XM or R with the proviso that the total number of carbon atoms in both R and R' is at least two, with (B) at least one sulfo-containing compound of the formula: ##STR2## .[.or.]. .Iadd.and .Iaddend. ##STR3## wherein y is one or two, R.sup.3 is hydrogen or lower alkyl group, R.sup.2 is a divalent or trivalent hydrocarbyl group, R.sup.4 is a trivalent hydrocarbyl group, and Q is --OH, --OR.sup.3, --OM, an alkylene polyamine residue, or N(R.sub.3).sub.2, are novel and useful and have utility as, for example, additives for water-containing hydraulic fluids.

Abstract: Combinations of certain hydroxy amines, particularly the "Ethomeens," and hydrocarbon-soluble carboxylic dispersants are useful as engine and carburetor detergents for normally liquid fuels. The preferred compositions are those in which the carboxylic dispersants are the reaction products of substituted succinic acids with polar compounds, especially with amines such as ethylene polyamines.