Abstract: A steer-by-wire steering system for a vehicle includes a bar extending from a first end to a second end, the bar defining a first groove and a second groove within an outer surface of the bar. The steer-by-wire steering system also includes an anti-rotation cartridge comprising a sleeve containing separate wear plates in which a plurality of ball bearings roll, wherein a first end of the sleeve contains a sleeve groove and window features, the inner surface of the sleeve containing V-shaped grooves in which the wear plates are disposed.

Abstract: Method and apparatus measure the thickness of an epi layer grown on a substrate. IR energy 12 is directed onto the epi layer 13 and a portion 14 of the energy is reflected from the surface of the epi layer and from the interface of the epi layer and substrate. The spectral reflectance of the reflected energy is measured by means of a Fourier transform IR spectrometer 10. The measured values of spectral reflectance are correlated with a series of theoretical reflectance values determined for different thicknesses of an epi layer in a range including the nominal thickness. The measured or actual epi thickness is determined from the correlation analysis.