Abstract: Systems and methods are provided for measuring the thickness of a film on an interior surface of an exhaust pipe system of a vehicle. The film is typically a layer of a nitrogen-oxides reductant, such as urea, deposited during operation of a selective catalytic reduction system for eliminating pollutants in an exhaust stream. The methods and systems are directed to optical measurements that directly probe the interior surfaces of the exhaust system to determine the thickness of a urea film built up during operation of the engine and the selective catalytic reduction system.

Abstract: A server for connection to a client via a network, the client being operable to transmit user-input to the server over the network and to receive user-output from the server over the network. The server comprises a network interface for connection to the network; and a processor coupled to the interface. The processor is operable to remotely host execution of an application for the client. The application is for receiving the user-input from the client over the network and for generating the user-output for transmission to the client over the network. The server implements a universal printer driver operable to generate a universal printer file from the application based on a request for a file to be printed that is embedded in the user-input. The server is further operable to transmit the universal printer file over the network. The universal printer file has a format amenable to interpretation by a universal print file reader into a printer file suitable for printing by a printing device.

Abstract: A local time of a broadband loop carrier terminal is synchronized to a network time received from a source external to the broadband loop carrier terminal by comparing the local time to the network time to generate an error offset, and adjusting the local time based on the error offset. The network time may be received in response to a Network Time Protocol (NTP) poll transmitted by the broadband loop carrier terminal. In some cases, the poll is transmitted over a communication medium using an asynchronous packet protocol, such as Ethernet or TCP/IP. In one embodiment, the local time is based on the output of a local oscillator (e.g., a voltage controlled oscillator), the frequency of which may be adjusted using control logic which uses a filtered version of the error offset along with a factory calibration and/or temperature compensation to produce a control voltage to control the oscillator frequency.

Abstract: According to embodiments of the present invention, an apparatus method and system of remote printing is provided. A server connected to a client via a network is operable to host execution of an application for a client, to receive the user-input from the client via the network, and to send user-output to the client via the network. The server receives a print request from the client, which is included in the user-input. The server then generates a universal printer file from the application, based on the print request, and transmits the universal printer file to an electronic mail system for delivery of the universal printer file to a destination specified by the client, for example as an attachment to an email message.