Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having well, a channel, and a conductive element therein. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. A longitudinal axis of the channel may be substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the well. The channel has a first end connected to the well and the conductive element is exposed to a second of the channel. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. A valve is coupled to the flow path and configured to control a flow of the conductive medium to the electrically conductive element through the flow path.

Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having a well, a channel, and a conductive element. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. A longitudinal axis of the channel may be substantially perpendicular to a longitudinal axis of the well. The channel has a first end connected to the well and a second end that is in contact with the conductive element. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. The flow path may be coupled to a manipulating element such as an agitating element or heating element that promotes flow of the membrane.

Abstract: A reference electrode of an electrochemical sensor includes a substrate having internal walls defining a well and a channel. The reference electrode includes a conductive element disposed in the substrate. The well extends from a first surface of a substrate towards a second surface of the substrate. The channel is within the substrate. The channel has a first end connected to the well and a second end that is in contact with the conductive element. The reference electrode may include an additional well that extends from the first surface towards the second surface. The additional well may be connected to the second end of the channel and may be in contact with the conductive element. The channel and the wells form a flow path of a conductive medium. The flow path may be coupled to an agitating element or heating element that promotes flow of the conductive medium.

Abstract: A scanning rearview mirror for vehicles and comprising a substantially universally pivotal mirror operably connected with the electrical system of the vehicle for automatically scanning through a horizontal scan pattern to reduce or eliminate blind spots during a driving operation, and through a vertical span pattern for facilitating visual inspection of the vehicle tires from a vantage point within the vehicle, either when the vehicle is moving or at a standstill.