Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for dyeing sheetlike textile materials with a dye, which comprises a concentrated dye system being applied in a total amount of 1% to 25% by weight, based on the textile material, to the textile material in two or more sub-steps and the dye being fixed on the textile material after each and every sub-step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for dyeing sheetlike textile materials with a dye, which comprises a concentrated dye system being applied in a total amount of 1% to 25% by weight, based on the textile material, to the textile material in two or more sub-steps and the dye being fixed on the textile material after each and every sub-step.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for electrochemical decolorization of indigo-containing aqueous dispersions by direct anodic oxidation on diamond-coated silicon anodes.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an electrolysis cell comprising sheet-like anodes and cathodes which are separated from one another by means of separators and which are arranged in a cell trough or in a plurality of electrode frames clamped to one another and are connected in an electrically monopolar or bipolar manner, wherein the cathodes and/or anodes are in the form of multilayer expanded metal electrodes which consist of at least two expanded metal layers which are in contact with one another via internal resistance zones and through which the electrolyte solutions flow in the longitudinal direction, and to its use for the cathodic reduction or the anodic oxidation of organic or inorganic compounds.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for dyeing fiber materials with sulfur dyes by regenerating the dyebath redox potential, which comprises, during the dyeing process, the dyeing liquor being circulated between the dyeing apparatus and an attached electrolytic cell and the sulfur dye which has been unwantedly oxidized in the dyebath being cathodically reduced in the electrolytic cell.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for obtaining color changes on dyed textile substrates by treating the dyed textile substrates with an electrochemically generated aqueous solution of reducing or oxidizing agents, which comprises controlling the cell current in such a way that the solution, when in contact with the dyed textile substrate, has a suitable redox potential to obtain the color change.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for through-dyeing of cotton warp yarns with indigo in an indigo dyeing range, which comprises dyeing in one pass at a dyeing temperature of 30 to 90° C. and an indigo concentration of 10-60 g/l.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for producing cotton warp yarns having an inverse denim effect, which comprises using an indigo dyeing range to perform a dyeing step whereby the cotton warp yarn is through-dyed with indigo in one pass at a dyeing temperature of 30 to 90° C. and an indigo concentration of 5-500 g/l and a subsequent bleaching step whereby the indigo is selectively decolorized on the surface of the cotton warp yarn.

Abstract: Mediator systems obtainable by mixing one or more salts of a metal capable of forming a plurality of valence states with at least one amino-containing complexing agent (K1) and at least one hydroxyl-containing but amino-devoid complexing agent (K2) in an alkaline aqueous medium, wherefor the complexing agents may be present as salts and the molar ratio of K1 to metal ion is from 0.1:1 to 10:1 and the molar ratio of K2 to metal ion is from 0.1:1 to 5:1 are useful for dyeing cellulosic textile material.

Abstract: Mediator systems obtainable by mixing a salt of an electrochemically active complexing metal (M1) capable of forming a plurality of valence states with a hydroxyl-containing complexing agent, which may likewise be present as salt, and with a salt of an electrochemically inactive complexing metal (M2) in an alkaline aqueous medium, wherefor the molar ratio of metal ion M2 to metal ion M1 is from 0.8:1 to 2:1 are useful for reducing dyes and dyeing cellulosic textile material.

Abstract: From 5 to 60% by weight aqueous alkaline solutions of reduced indigoid dyes are prepared by reducing the indigoid dye electrochemically in the presence of a mediator.

Abstract: Mediator systems obtainable by mixing one or more salts of a metal capable of forming a plurality of valence states with at least one amino-containing complexing agent (K1) and at least one hydroxyl-containing but amino-devoid complexing agent (K2) in an alkaline aqueous medium, wherefor the complexing agents may be present as salts and the molar ratio of K1 to metal ion is from 0.1:1 to 10:1 and the molar ratio of K2 to metal ion is from 0.1:1 to 5:1 are useful for dyeing cellulosic textile material.

Abstract: Mediator systems obtainable by mixing a salt of an electrochemically active complexing metal (M1) capable of forming a plurality of valence states with a hydroxyl-containing complexing agent, which may likewise be present as salt, and with a salt of an electrochemically inactive complexing metal (M2) in an alkaline aqueous medium, wherefor the molar ratio of metal ion M2 to metal ion M1 is from 0.8:1 to 2:1 are useful for reducing dyes and dyeing cellulosic textile material.

Abstract: Solvent-spun cellulose fibers having a reduced tendency to fibrillate are produced by treating the fibers with one or more compounds from the group of the(A) N-methylol ethers of carboxamides, urethanes, ureas and aminotriazines,(B) N-alkyl-mono- or polysubstituted cyclic hydroxy- or alkoxy-ethyleneureas,(C) hydrophilic modified polyisocyanates, and(D) mixtures of polyurethanes with isocyanates.

Abstract: Carbonyloxy-substituted azulenesquaric acid dyes of the formula ##STR1## where L is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkylene which may be substituted by phenyl,R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated C.sub.3 -C.sub.12 -alkenyl, which may be phenyl-substituted, C.sub.3 -C.sub.7 -cycloalkyl, C.sub.3 -C.sub.7 -cycloalkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted phenyl, pyrrolyl, furanyl, thienyl or pyridyl andR.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 are each independently of the others hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl,with the proviso that when R.sup.3 is hydrogen the positions of the substituents CH.sub.2 --L--O--CO--R.sup.1 and R.sup.4 on either or both azulene rings may also be interchanged with each other within an azulene ring, are useful in an optical recording medium.

Abstract: Process for the continuous production of surface dyeings on cellulose fiber textile materials, characterized in that the textile materials are treated with an aqueous liquor containing at least 5 g/l of benzyl halide quaternized condensation products of precondensates of trialkanolamines and ureas, cyclic carbonates and/or epihalohydrins and/or benzyl chloride quaternized condensation products of piperazine and epichloronydrin, and 0.02 to 1 g/l of a phosphoric triester whose alcohol component has 6 to 18 carbon atoms, the textile materials thus treated are then dyed in another bath with reactive dyes in an aqueous medium and the dyes are fixed by treatment with an alkaline aqueous liquor and the dyeing finished in conventional manner. The individual cellulose fibers of the textile material are not completely penetrated by the dye but, on the contrary, exhibit ring dyeing.

Abstract: Dye mixtures comprising the dye of the formula I ##STR1## where R.sup.1 is in each instance the radical of the formula ##STR2## and a dye of the formula ##STR3## where one of the two radicals R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 is methoxy and the other is hydroxysulfonyl, andR.sup.4 is hydrogen or hydroxysulfonyl, are useful for dyeing or printing hydroxyl- or nitrogen-containing organic substrates.

Abstract: An optical recording medium contains novel azulenemethine dyes of the formula ##STR1## where R is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.6 -alkyl, X.sup..crclbar. is an anion, A.sup..sym. is heterocyclic radical, of the formula ##STR2## wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, Y, Z and W are as defined, with the proviso that, when A.sup..sym. is a radical of the formula II f, II g, II i or II k, m is 2, A is 1, 2 or 3 and M is 1 or 2.

Abstract: Azulenesquaric acid dyes of the formula ##STR1## where L is substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 - alkylene,R.sup.1 is C.sub.1 -C.sub.20 - alkyl, C.sub.5 -C.sub.7 - cycloalkyl or substituted or unsubstituted phenyl andR.sup.2, R.sup.3, and R.sup.5 are each independently of the others hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl,with the proviso that when R.sup.5 is hydrogen the positions of the substituents CH.sub.2 --L--O--CO--NHR.sup.1 and R.sup.4 on an azulene ring may also be interchanged within a ring in either or both of the azulene rings, derived from azulene intermediates that contain urethane groups, are suitable for use in an optical recording medium.

Abstract: Azulenesquaric acid dyes of the formula ##STR1## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each have specified meanings are prepared from azulene derivatives of the formula ##STR2## where R.sup.1, R.sup.2, R.sup.3, R.sup.4 and R.sup.5 each have specified meanings as intermediates, and used in an optical recording medium.