Abstract: A horizontal solid-bowl centrifuge with cleaning-in-place jet nozzles for cleaning the bowl in a manner complying with good manufacturing procedure is provided. The bowl is cleaned by a defined arrangement of the cleaning jet nozzles, as the bowl rotates at a speed insufficient to produce a centrifugal force equal to gravitational acceleration, where gravitational acceleration is equal to 1.0 g. The cleaning liquids are then removed after the bowl stops rotating at the lowest point of the bowl.

Abstract: A horizontal solid-bowl centrifuge with cleaning-in-place jet nozzles for cleaning the bowl in a manner complying with good manufacturing procedure is provided. The bowl is cleaned by a defined arrangement of the cleaning jet nozzles, as the bowl rotates at a speed insufficient to produce a centrifugal force equal to gravitational acceleration, where gravitational acceleration is equal to 1.0 g. The cleaning liquids are then removed after the bowl stops rotating at the lowest point of the bowl.

Abstract: A horizontal solid-bowl centrifuge with cleaning-in-place jet nozzles for cleaning the bowl in a manner complying with good manufacturing procedure is provided. The bowl is cleaned by a defined arrangement of the cleaning jet nozzles, as the bowl rotates at a speed insufficient to produce a centrifugal force equal to gravitational acceleration, where gravitational acceleration is equal to 1.0 g. The cleaning liquids are then removed after the bowl stops rotating at the lowest point of the bowl.

Abstract: A horizontal solid-bowl centrifuges with cleaning-in-place jet nozzles for cleaning the bowl in a manner complying with good manufacturing procedure is provided. The bowl is cleaned by a defined arrangement of the cleaning jet nozzles, as the bowl rotates at a speed insufficient to produce a centrifugal force equal to gravitational acceleration, where gravitational acceleration is equal to 1.0 g. The cleaning liquids are then removed after the bowl stops rotating, at the lowest point of the bowl.

Abstract: This invention relates to a low-pressure chromatography column 1 having a diameter of more than 30 cm, and essentially consisting of a vertical cylinder 13 having a base plate 12, a lower sintered disk 3 arranged above the base plate 12, an upper sintered disk 16 fastened to the underside of a lid designed as a mobile plunger 4, and having at least three controllable elements 5 for raising or lowering the plunger 4, which are connected to the plunger 4, equipped with sensors 6 electrically connected to a control unit 10 for determining the vertical position and horizontal placement of the plunger 4. With the aid of an optical observation device (e.g., endoscope), the plunger/gel material can be adjusted exactly over the entire positioning range of the plunger. The advantages of the invention include simple and rapid production of the packing and purer products than could be obtained without such packing.

Abstract: In a process for improving the gas distribution in air-lift loop reactors, the back-flowing, partially degassed liquid is divided into part streams prior to, during or after entry into the rising part of the loop. In this process, the cross-section of the sum of the part streams is intended to be smaller than the free cross-section of the rising part. The gas is passed into the part streams.

Abstract: A device for dispersing a second phase in a first phase is provided, wherein gas inlet means are arranged at the bottom of a vessel. The outlet parts of these inlet elements have a varying distance to the bottom, this distance decreasing towards the center of the bottom. The distance of the outer outlet parts of the elements to the bottom, for those located near to the periphery, is from 15 to 40% of the diameter of the bottom.

Abstract: Apparatus and process for ensure the coalescence and separation of fine gas bubbles in the degassing zone of liquid/gas tube or loop reactors. The invention is not limited to these two types of reactors. A liquid/gas current is introduced into a layer of solid particles whose size, density, and shape are chosen such that their sedimentation speed is greater than the speed of the rising liquid/gas mixture, and the fluidization point speed is selected to be less than the liquid speed.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for improving the quality of mixing of liquid especially viscous media in stirred tank reactors, wherein a change in direction of the medium set in motion is brought about at one point or at several points of the inner wall of the reactor at different levels, in a direction vertical to the angle of approaching flow (attack). The process is especially suitable for fermentation reactions.The invention moreover relates to a corresponding stirred tank reactor.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process and an apparatus for dispersing a gas in a liquid flowing within a vertical cycle through two reaction zones arranged in parallel within a reactor, the liquid/gas mixture flowing upwards in the first reaction zone due to the air-lift pump effect and being degassified at the transition from the first reaction zone to the second reaction zone and the completely or partly degassified liquid flowing down and the liquid being remixed with gas (preferably air) at the transition from the second to the first reaction zone below the two reaction zones.

Abstract: In the case of reactions in the liquid phase the reactants should be contacted with one another as intimately as possible. The economy of a process depends on the transfer of the reactants to the place were the reaction takes place and the removal of the reaction product. The mass transfer in liquid media can be improved by adding to the liquid medium 0.1 to 10% by volume of inert solid particles having a specific gravity which is by 1.1 to 20 times greater than that of the liquid medium and imparting to the liquid medium a movement such that the solid particles having a diameter of from 0.1 to 40 mm are kept in suspension.