Abstract: The present invention relates to the generation of multiple X-ray energies in an X-ray tube. In order to provide an X-ray tube capable of generating multiple-energy X-ray radiation with a minimized design setup and an improved switching capacity, a multiple-energy X-ray tube (10) comprises a cathode (12), an anode (14) and an electron-braking device (16). The anode comprises a target surface (18) provided for generating X-rays as a result of impinging electrons. The cathode is provided for emitting electrons (20, 144, 148, 150) towards the anode to impinge on the target surface of the anode. The electron-braking device is intermittently arrangeable in a pathway (22, 144, 148, 150) of the electrons from the cathode to the anode and configured to slow at least a part of the electrons of the electron beam such that the energy of re-emitted electrons is lower than the energy of arriving electrons.

Abstract: It is described an emitter (26, 40) for X-ray tubes comprising: a flat foil with an emitting section (30, 46); and at least two electrically conductive fixing sections (31-34; 41-44); wherein the emitting section (30, 46) is unstructured.

Abstract: It is described an emitter (26, 40) for X-ray tubes comprising: a flat foil with an emitting section (30, 46); and at least two electrically conductive fixing sections (31-34; 41-44); wherein the emitting section (30, 46) is unstructured.

Abstract: It is described an electron optical arrangement, a X-ray emitting device and a method of creating an electron beam. An electron optical apparatus (1) comprises the following components along an optical axis (25): a cathode with an emitter (3) having a substantially planar surface (9) for emitting electrons; an anode (11) for accelerating the emitted electrons in a direction essentially along the optical axis (25); a first magnetic quadrupole lens (19) for deflecting the accelerated electrons and having a first yoke (41); a second magnetic quadrupole lens (21) for further deflecting the accelerated electrons and having a second yoke (51); and a magnetic dipole lens (23) for further deflecting the accelerated electrons.

Abstract: It is described an electron optical arrangement, a X-ray emitting device and a method of creating an electron beam. An electron optical apparatus (1) comprises the following components along an optical axis (25): a cathode with an emitter (3) having a substantially planar surface (9) for emitting electrons; an anode (11) for accelerating the emitted electrons in a direction essentially along the optical axis (25); a first magnetic quadrupole lens (19) for deflecting the accelerated electrons and having a first yoke (41); a second magnetic quadrupole lens (21) for further deflecting the accelerated electrons and having a second yoke (51); and a magnetic dipole lens (23) for further deflecting the accelerated electrons.

Abstract: An apparatus for coating objects having a single microwave source, two or more coating chambers, and an impedance structure or a waveguide structure. The coating chambers are connected to the single microwave source. The impedance structure or waveguide structure divides the microwave energy in order to generate plasmas in the coating chambers.

Abstract: In order to improve the energy balance of an HID lamp, the quartz burner, preferably the inside thereof, is coated with a UV reflecting layer system by alternatingly applying amorphous thin layers made at least of titanium oxide and silicon oxide having the respective general stoichiometry TiOy and SiOx by means of a plasma impulse chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) method at a high power density and increased substrate temperatures ranging from 100° to 400° C., using small growth rates ranging from 1 nm/sec to 100 nm/sec so as to form an interference layer system having a thickness of less than 1200 nm and a minimized UV-active defective spot rate ranging from 0.1 to 1 percent.

Abstract: In order to improve the energy balance of an HID lamp, the quartz burner, preferably the inside thereof, is coated with a UV reflecting layer system by alternatingly applying amorphous thin layers made at least of titanium oxide and silicon oxide having the respective general stoichiometry TiOy and SiOx by means of a plasma impulse chemical vapor deposition (PICVD) method at a high power density and increased substrate temperatures ranging from 100° to 400° C., using small growth rates ranging from 1 nm/sec to 100 nm/sec so as to form an interference layer system having a thickness of less than 1200 nm and a minimized UV-active defective spot rate ranging from 0.1 to 1 percent.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing an object which has optical layers. According to the invention such a process comprises the following process steps: To a substrate of plastic material several optical layers are applied; the optical layers are applied by means of a chemical plasma-impulse vaporization (PICVC).

Abstract: An apparatus for coating objects having a single microwave source, two or more coating chambers, and an impedance structure or a waveguide structure. The coating chambers are connected to the single microwave source. The impedance structure or waveguide structure divides the microwave energy in order to generate plasmas in the coating chambers.

Abstract: The invention relates to coating a plastic substrate for producing a coated body, to a device for carrying out such a method, and to the use thereof.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing an object which has optical layers. According to the invention such a process comprises the following process steps: To a substrate of plastic material several optical layers are applied; the optical layers are applied by means of a chemical plasma-impulse vaporization (PICVC).

Abstract: A process for producing an object which has optical layers comprising the steps of applying optical layers to a substrate of plastic material wherein the optical layers are applied by means of a chemical plasma-impulse vaporization process (PICVD).

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for producing an object which has optical layers.

Abstract: The invention concerns a lighting unit, particularly a gas-discharge lighting unit having a hollow body and metal electrodes within the hollow body. A wall is provided with a coating which has heat-reflecting or infrared radiation-reflecting properties.