Abstract: A semiconductor memory device comprises a substrate; a mold structure on the substrate; a plurality of channel structures extending in the mold structure; a source layer and a source sacrificial layer between the substrate and the mold structure, wherein the source sacrificial layer is spaced apart from the source layer; and a source support layer on the source layer and the source sacrificial layer, wherein the source support layer is between the source layer and the source sacrificial layer, wherein an upper surface of the source support layer includes first and second portions extending parallel to the substrate, and a third portion that connects the first and second portions, wherein a vertical distance from an upper surface of the source layer to the first portion is smaller than a vertical distance from an upper surface of the substrate to the second portion.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for managing disaggregated memory, which is located in a virtual machine in a physical node. The apparatus is configured to select, depending on the proportion of valid pages, direct transfer between remote memory units or indirect transfer via local memory for each of the memory pages of the source remote memory to be migrated, among at least one remote memory unit used by the virtual machine, to transfer the memory pages of the source remote memory to target remote memory based on the direct transfer or the indirect transfer, and to release the source remote memory.

Abstract: Proposed is a CO2-reduction membrane electrode assembly (MEA), which is a novel MEA capable of changing a reaction condition to an alkaline condition from a problematic acidic condition unfavorable to reactions on a cathode side during catalytic reactions using a cation exchange membrane (CEM) as a separator. In addition, the MEA can reduce a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is a side reaction. In addition, a method of manufacturing the MEA, and a CO2-reduction assembly including the MEA are also proposed.

Abstract: A substrate processing apparatus includes a photoresist coater applying a photoresist film on a substrate, a humidifier increasing an amount of moisture in an ambient to which the photoresist film on the substrate is exposed, and an exposer irradiating the photoresist film exposed to the ambient having the increased amount of moisture with light. The humidifier is disposed between the photoresist coater and the exposer.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a novel aluminum-containing compound, a method of preparing the aluminum-containing compound, a precursor composition for forming a film including the aluminum-containing precursor compound, and a method of forming an aluminum-containing film using the precursor composition for forming a film.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment includes copying transmission data to a transmission buffer of the computing node, when a page fault occurs during copy of the transmission data, identifying a location at which the transmission data is stored, setting a node in which a largest amount of transmission data is stored as a transmission node, and sending a transmission command to the transmission node.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for verifying integrity in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for verifying integrity in a memory-disaggregated environment includes receiving write data and multiple hash values generated based on write data from a remote memory, and verifying integrity of the write data based on the write data and the hash values, wherein verifying the integrity of the write data comprises selecting a hash value for the integrity verification based on an access latency of the remote memory.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a method for memory management in a memory disaggregation environment. The method includes generating virtual memory based on multiple first memory devices, determining whether a condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied by the first memory devices, and allocating a memory page to the first memory devices based on whether the condition for allocation acceleration is satisfied.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for accelerating network transmission in a memory-disaggregated environment includes copying transmission data to a transmission buffer of the computing node, when a page fault occurs during copy of the transmission data, identifying a location at which the transmission data is stored, setting a node in which a largest amount of transmission data is stored as a transmission node, and sending a transmission command to the transmission node.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a method and apparatus for migrating a virtual machine in a memory-disaggregated environment. The method for migrating a virtual machine in a memory-disaggregated environment includes determining whether to migrate a virtual machine based on a number of accesses to a remote memory, establishing a migration policy for the virtual machine based on a remote memory access pattern, and determining a migration destination node based on the migration policy, wherein the migration policy includes a first migration policy corresponding to a case where the remote memory access pattern is sequential, and a second migration policy corresponding to a case where the remote memory access pattern is non-sequential.

Abstract: A photoresist composition including an organometallic compound, and a method for fabricating a semiconductor device using the same are provided. The photoresist composition may include an organometallic compound, a radical sensitizer including a structure of Chemical formula 2-1 or Chemical formula 2-2, and a solvent. In Chemical formula 2-1, A1 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R1, R2 and R3 are each independently hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a hetero-functional group. In Chemical formula 2-2, A2 is a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, and R4 and R5 are each independently hydrogen, a halogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or a hetero-functional group.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for managing disaggregated memory, which is located in a virtual machine in a physical node. The apparatus is configured to select, depending on the proportion of valid pages, direct transfer between remote memory units or indirect transfer via local memory for each of the memory pages of the source remote memory to be migrated, among at least one remote memory unit used by the virtual machine, to transfer the memory pages of the source remote memory to target remote memory based on the direct transfer or the indirect transfer, and to release the source remote memory.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are an apparatus and method for accelerating genome sequence alignment. The method may include loading an essential index for a reference genome into memory, loading an additional index corresponding to the amount of available memory into memory, reading a target nucleotide sequence for which genome sequence alignment is to be performed, checking whether an exact match of the target nucleotide sequence is present in the reference genome based on the additional index, and generating a result of alignment of the target nucleotide sequence using the location of the exact match of the target nucleotide sequence in the reference genome when an exact match is found.

Abstract: A memory access method and device are provided. A memory access method may include: identifying, when an access to a page of a remote memory occurs, a type of the access; allocating a sparse buffer when the access is a sparse write; storing data for the sparse write in the sparse buffer; storing an address for the sparse write as a key and the sparse buffer as a value in a buffer table; and updating an instruction pointer to point to a next instruction.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a distributed system and a method for operating the distributed system. The method for operating a distributed system including a server and multiple clients includes acquiring, by a first client of the multiple clients, a lock on a shared resource using a first table of the server and a second table of the client, and releasing, by the first client, a lock on the shared resource using the first table and the second table, wherein the first table is a lock (DSLock) table for storing information about a distributed shared resource, and the second table is a data structure (DSLock_node) table for a lock request.

Abstract: An apparatus for memory integrated management in a cluster system including a plurality of physical nodes connected to each other by a network determines one of the plurality of physical nodes as a node to place a new virtual machine, allocates the first type of memory allocated to the one physical node to the new virtual machine as much as the memory capacity required by the new virtual machine, and distributes the second type of memory to a plurality of virtual machines running on the plurality of physical nodes by integrating and managing the second type of memory allocated to each of the plurality of physical nodes. In this case, the access speed of the second type of memory is faster than that of the first type of memory.

Abstract: Disclosed is a quantum diagnostic circuit, which includes an input unit having an input of at least first to fourth qubits, a diagnostic circuit unit receiving the first to fourth qubits from the input unit and providing a quantum superposition and a quantum entanglement, and an output unit receiving an output of the diagnostic circuit unit and determining whether the output is in a Bell-state, and the diagnostic circuit unit includes a Hadamard gate processing the first qubit to provide the quantum superposition of the first to fourth qubits, a first CNOT gate providing the quantum entanglement between an output of the Hadamard gate and the second qubit, a second CNOT gate providing the quantum entanglement between an output of the first CNOT gate and the third qubit, and a third CNOT gate providing the quantum entanglement between an output of the second CNOT gate and the fourth qubit.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is an apparatus for managing disaggregated memory, which is located in a virtual machine in a physical node. The apparatus is configured to select, depending on the proportion of valid pages, direct transfer between remote memory units or indirect transfer via local memory for each of the memory pages of the source remote memory to be migrated, among at least one remote memory unit used by the virtual machine, to transfer the memory pages of the source remote memory to target remote memory based on the direct transfer or the indirect transfer, and to release the source remote memory.

Abstract: An apparatus for genome sequence alignment attempts a search for the hash tables to align a target nucleotide sequence, from a hash table having a large seed size to a hash table having a small seed size, and when there is at least one matched seed to the target nucleotide sequence on a hash table, aligns the target nucleotide sequence by using candidate positions from the hash table without further hash table searching.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are a distributed system and a method for operating the distributed system. The method for operating a distributed system including a server and multiple clients includes acquiring, by a first client of the multiple clients, a lock on a shared resource using a first table of the server and a second table of the client, and releasing, by the first client, a lock on the shared resource using the first table and the second table, wherein the first table is a lock (DSLock) table for storing information about a distributed shared resource, and the second table is a data structure (DSLock node) table for a lock request.