Abstract: Provided is a solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof. The cell includes a back-contact electrode on a substrate, a light absorbing layer on the back-contact electrode, an anti-defect layer on the light absorbing layer, a buffer layer on the anti-defect layer, and an upper electrode on a buffer layer. The anti-defect layer may contain an alkaline earth metal.

Abstract: A shift-by-wire system physically prevents shifting to the R/N/D gear position and shifting to the P gear position from being simultaneously performed. The shift-by-wire system includes a body configured to have a Hall sensor provided therein, a knob installed so as to be rotatable around an axis of the body, a button assembly moving in an axial direction of the body and having a magnet provided to sense rotated and moved states thereof using the Hall sensor and rotate together with the knob, and a concurrent operation limiting unit to mechanically limit movement of the button assembly in a state in which the knob is manipulated so as to be rotated, and to mechanically limit rotation of the knob in a state in which the button assembly is manipulated so as to be moved.

Abstract: A shift-by-wire system physically prevents shifting to the R/N/D gear position and shifting to the P gear position from being simultaneously performed. The shift-by-wire system includes a body configured to have a Hall sensor provided therein, a knob installed so as to be rotatable around an axis of the body, a button assembly moving in an axial direction of the body and having a magnet provided to sense rotated and moved states thereof using the Hall sensor and rotate together with the knob, and a concurrent operation limiting unit to mechanically limit movement of the button assembly in a state in which the knob is manipulated so as to be rotated, and to mechanically limit rotation of the knob in a state in which the button assembly is manipulated so as to be moved.

Abstract: A shift-by-wire system physically prevents shifting to the R/N/D gear position and shifting to the P gear position from being simultaneously performed. The shift-by-wire system includes a body configured to have a Hall sensor provided therein, a knob installed so as to be rotatable around an axis of the body, a button assembly moving in an axial direction of the body and having a magnet provided to sense rotated and moved states thereof using the Hall sensor and rotate together with the knob, and a concurrent operation limiting unit to mechanically limit movement of the button assembly in a state in which the knob is manipulated so as to be rotated, and to mechanically limit rotation of the knob in a state in which the button assembly is manipulated so as to be moved.

Abstract: A pedal includes a pedal effort adjuster configured to generate pedal effort in response to an increase in stroke of a pedal arm, where the pedal effort adjuster includes a detent spring for generating the pedal effort by load of the detent spring that is decreased after being increased in response to a change in reaction force caused by the increase in stroke and a return spring for generating the pedal effort by load of the return spring that is increased by maintaining reaction force caused by the increase in stroke.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjusting a clearance of a clutch cable for a vehicle is arranged to rotate a clutch pedal forward using an elastic force of a reverse return spring to allow a back surface of the clutch pedal be spaced apart from a pedal member, control a length of the clutch cable using a mechanical clearance adjusting mechanism, and secure a uniform gap between the pedal member and a back surface of the clutch pedal by adjusting the length of the clutch cable.

Abstract: An apparatus for adjusting a clearance of a clutch cable for a vehicle is arranged to rotate a clutch pedal forward using an elastic force of a reverse return spring to allow a back surface of the clutch pedal be spaced apart from a pedal member, control a length of the clutch cable using a mechanical clearance adjusting mechanism, and secure a uniform gap between the pedal member and a back surface of the clutch pedal by adjusting the length of the clutch cable.