Abstract: A battery heating apparatus includes a voltage transformation module and a control module. The voltage transformation module includes a first voltage transformation circuit configured to connect a charging apparatus, a first switch module connected to the first voltage transformation circuit, a second voltage transformation circuit configured to connect a power battery, and an energy storage element and a second switch module connected to the second voltage transformation circuit. The control module is configured to, in a first heating mode, control the first switch module to turn off the first voltage transformation circuit, and control the second switch module so that the second voltage transformation circuit and the energy storage element form a loop for discharging from the power battery to the energy storage element and a loop for charging the power battery by the energy storage element, for heating the power battery during discharging and charging.

Abstract: An energy storage apparatus includes a control circuit, multiple battery clusters connected in parallel, and switch circuits corresponding to the battery clusters. The switch circuit includes a first switch and a protection circuit connected in parallel. The control circuit is connected to each first switch and each protection circuit. Each battery cluster is connected to the corresponding first switch and protection circuit. The control circuit is configured to control, according to a high voltage on signal, the protection circuit to be closed and the first switch to be opened.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the near simultaneous detection of light emitted from ozone induced chemiluminescence of nitrogen and sulfur species capable of undergoing ozone induced chemiluminescence in a single instrument. A sample containing sulfur and/or nitrogen is first subjected to an oxidative/reductive process which generates ozone reactive nitrogen and sulfur species which are then forwarded to an specially designed ozone/detector chamber. The ozone relative species are brought in contact with ozone in the special chamber and the chemiluminescence of the nitrogen species and the sulfur species are measured and quantitated.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for the near simultaneous detection of light emitted from ozone induced chemiluminescence of nitrogen and sulfur species capable of undergoing ozone induced chemiluminescence in a single instrument. A sample containing sulfur and/or nitrogen is first subjected to an oxidative/reductive process which generates ozone reactive nitrogen and sulfur species which are then forwarded to an specially designed ozone/detector chamber. The ozone reactive species are brought in contact with ozone in the special chamber and the chemiluminescence of the nitrogen species and the sulfur species are measured and quantitated.