Abstract: A method for alteration of the morphology of cellulose fibers, particularly softwood fibers, by (a) subjecting the fibers to a metal ion-activated peroxide treatment carried out at a pH of between about 1 and about 9, preferably between 3 and 7, and (b) subjecting Use treated fibers to a refining treatment thereby converts SW fibers to HW-like fibers in many respects. The metal ion-activated peroxide treatment has been noted to act on pulp cellulose and hemi-cellulose, causing oxidation and oxidative degradation of cellulose fibers. The chemical treatment of the pulp, taken alone, is not sufficient to attain the desired modification of the morphology of the fibers however, subsequent refining or like mechanical treatment of the chemically-treated fibers to achieve a given degree of refinement of the fibers requires dramatically less refining energy to achieve a desired end point of refinement and to impart other desirable properties to the pulp.

Abstract: This invention relates to the delignification of lignocellulosic pulp. More particularly, the invention relates to sulfonation and bleaching of the alkali pulping produced by Kraft pulp processes or produced through combination of alkali pulping processes and extended delignification stages.

Abstract: This invention relates to the delignification of lignocellulosic pulp. More particularly, the invention relates to sulfonation and bleaching of the alkali pulping produced by Kraft pulp processes or produced through combination of alkali pulping processes and extended delignification stages.

Abstract: A method for alteration of the morphology of cellulose fibers, particularly softwood fibers, by (a) subjecting the fibers to a metal ion-activated peroxide treatment carried out at a pH of between about 1 and about 9, preferably between 3 and 7, and (b) subjecting the treated fibers to a refining treatment thereby converts SW fibers to HW-like fibers in many respects. The metal ion-activated peroxide treatment has been noted to act on pulp cellulose and hemi-cellulose, causing oxidation and oxidative degradation of cellulose fibers. The chemical treatment of the pulp, taken alone, is not sufficient to attain the desired modification of the morphology of the fibers, however, subsequent refining or like mechanical treatment of the chemically-treated fibers to achieve a given degree of refinement of the fibers requires dramatically less refining energy to achieve a desired end point of refinement and to impart other desirable properties to the pulp.

Abstract: A method for alteration of the morphology of cellulose fibers, particularly softwood fibers, by (a) subjecting the fibers to a metal ion-activated peroxide treatment carried out at a pH of between about 1 and about 9, preferably between 3 and 7, and (b) subjecting the treated fibers to a refining treatment thereby converts SW fibers to HW-like fibers in many respects. The metal ion-activated peroxide treatment has been noted to act on pulp cellulose and hemi-cellulose, causing oxidation and oxidative degradation of cellulose fibers. The chemical treatment of the pulp, taken alone, is not sufficient to attain the desired modification of the morphology of the fibers, however, subsequent refining or like mechanical treatment of the chemically-treated fibers to achieve a given degree of refinement of the fibers requires dramatically less refining energy to achieve a desired end point of refinement and to impart other desirable properties to the pulp.

Abstract: This invention relates to the delignification of lignocellulosic pulp. More particularly, the invention relates to sulfonation and bleaching of the alkali pulping produced by Kraft pulp processes or produced through combination of alkali pulping processes and extended delignification stages.

Abstract: Waste cellulosic paper products, for example, old corrugated containers are recycled employing oxygen delingnification in the presence of an alkaline material to produce a recycled pulp of lower kappa number, while maintaining adequate strength in the pulp. The recycling process preferably employs an acid pretreatment in combination with the oxygen delignification, and exposure of the waste product to the alkaline material is preferably controlled so that at any point in the delignification the waste product is exposed to not more than 50%, by dry weight, of the alkaline material based on the weight of residual lignin in the waste paper product.

Abstract: Waste cellulosic paper products, for example, old corrugated container are recycled employing oxygen delignification in the presence of an alkaline material to produce a recycled pulp of lower kappa number, while maintaining adequate strength in the pulp. The recycling process preferably employs an acid pretreatment in combination with the oxygen delignification, and exposure of the waste product to the alkaline material is preferably controlled so that at any point in the delignification the waste product is exposed to not more than 50%, by dry weight, of the alkaline material based on the weight of residual lignin in the waste paper product.

Abstract: Waste cellulosic paper products, for example, old corrugated containers are recycled employing oxygen delignification in the presence of an alkaline material to produce a recycled pulp of lower kappa number, while maintaining adequate strength in the pulp. The recycling process preferably employs an acid pretreatment in combination with the oxygen delignification, and exposure of the waste product to the alkaline material is preferably controlled so that at any point in the delignification the waste product is exposed to not more than 50%, by dry weight, of the alkaline material based on the weight of residual lignin in the waste paper product.

Abstract: Waste cellulosic material, for example corrugated paperboard is cooked in an aqueous alkaline cooking liquor to produce a brownstock pulp having a kappa number lower than that of the waste material; combustion of organic materials in the brownstock washing liquor provides heat energy which can be recovered for use in the cooking process and residual inorganic chemicals of the liquor can be employed to prepare fresh cooking liquor; the recycled pulp can be employed as the sole pulp component of brown paper products, or can be bleached to provide a pulp for white paper products.

Abstract: Method of stripping SO.sub.2 (sulfur dioxide) from flue gases by passing the SO.sub.2 containing gas through to a bed of particles to fluidize the particles and to form a fluidized bed, injecting a reaction chemical into the bed and reacting it with SO.sub.2 in the fluidized bed thereby to form particles of a combined product, combining the particles with other such particles in the fluidized bed to form bigger pellets and to exhaust gases from the bed relatively free of SO.sub.2 at a temperature as low as possible but high enough to prevent the condensation of the moisture present in the gas stream by adjusting the concentration and feeding rate of the reaction chemical. During that process at least some of the pellets so formed are discarded from the bed. In the preferred arrangement the reaction chemicals are injected into the bed in an aqueous medium and gas entering the bed is at elevated temperature in the order of 200.degree.-300.degree. C.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for recovering chemical from residual liquor from a pulping operation, said residual liquor containing inorganic and organic components, pyrolyzing a portion of the organics in the liquor to produce a reducing gas and residual solids containing said inorganic component and the remainder of said organics, said reducing gas containing sulfur compounds, oxidizing the remainder of the organics and recombining the sulfur contained in said reducing gas with said inorganic components to produce suflur compounds and reducing said sulfur compounds with said reducing gas.

Abstract: System for reducing the emission of sulfur particularly for high sulfur coal combustion in a fluidized bed by injecting limestone into the bed and calcining the limestone in the bed to form lime, reacting a portion of the lime so formed with a portion of the SO.sub.2 generated in the bed, removing the excess of material containing lime so generated from the bed, slaking said excess lime in water, then contacting flue gases leaving the fluid bed and containing SO.sub.2 with the lime slurry so formed thereby to remove a further significant portion of the generated SO.sub.2 from the flue gas.

Abstract: A turbulent transport contactor is formed by a contacting zone or section with means to introduce lightweight elements and gas at high velocity adjacent one end. Liquid is also introduced to the zone. The high velocity gas entrains the liquid and the lightweight elements and transports them through the contact zone. Means are provided to de-entrain the lightweight elements and a significant portion of said liquid at the end of the contact zone remote from said one end and to return the lightweight elements to said one end for re-introduction into the zone.

Abstract: A process for the removal of mercury from aqueous media containing mercury and undissolved solids comprises, adding hypochlorite to the aqueous medium, reducing the ionic mercury to elemental mercury, aerating the aqueous medium with a gas to entrain the mercury and separating the mercury from the entraining gas.