Abstract: A memory includes a transistor and a magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) storage element, a bottom electrode of the MTJ storage element is electrically connected to a drain electrode of the transistor using a conduction structure, wiring layers are disposed between the transistor and the MTJ storage element in the storage area, and a dielectric layer is filled between adjacent wiring layers, the conduction structure includes a first conduction part, and the first conduction part includes a first metal wire, a second metal wire, and a first via hole, the wiring layers comprise a first wiring layer, a second wiring layer, and a third wiring layer, the first via hole penetrates a dielectric layer and the third wiring layer that are located between the first wiring layer and the second wiring layer.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for optimized sensor deployment and fault detection in the context of agricultural irrigation and similar applications. For instance, a computing device may execute a genetic algorithm (GA) routine to determine an optimal sensor deployment scheme such that a mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) for the system is maximized, thereby improving communication of sensor measurements. Moreover, in various embodiments, a centralized fault detection scheme may be employed and a soil moisture of a field can be determined by statistically inferring soil moistures at locations of faulty nodes using spatial and temporal correlations.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for reinforcement learning-based irrigation control to maintain or increase a crop yield or reduce water use. A computing device may be configured to determine an optimal irrigation schedule for a crop planted in a field by applying reinforcement learning (RL), where, for a given state of a total soil moisture, the computing device performs an action, the action comprising waiting or irrigating crop. An immediate reward may be assigned to a state-action pair, the state-action pair comprising the given state of the total soil moisture and the action performed. The computing device may instruct an irrigation system to apply irrigation to at least one crop in accordance with the optimal irrigation schedule determined, where the optimal irrigation schedule includes an amount of water to be applied at a predetermined time.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for optimized sensor deployment and fault detection in the context of agricultural irrigation and similar applications. For instance, a computing device may execute a genetic algorithm (GA) routine to determine an optimal sensor deployment scheme such that a mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) for the system is maximized, thereby improving communication of sensor measurements. Moreover, in various embodiments, a centralized fault detection scheme may be employed and a soil moisture of a field can be determined by statistically inferring soil moistures at locations of faulty nodes using spatial and temporal correlations.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for deep reinforcement learning-based irrigation control to maintain or increase crop yield and/or other desired crop status, and/or reduce water use. One or more computing devices can be configured to determine an amount of water to be applied to at least one crop in at least one of a plurality of irrigation management zones through execution of a deep reinforcement learning routine. Further, the computing devices can determine a start time and an end time to be applied to the at least one of the plurality of irrigation management zones based at least in part on the amount of water determined by the deep reinforcement learning module. Finally, the computing devices can instruct an irrigation system to apply irrigation to the at least one of the plurality of irrigation management zones in accordance with the start time and the end time.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for optimized sensor deployment and fault detection in the context of agricultural irrigation and similar applications. For instance, a computing device may execute a genetic algorithm (GA) routine to determine an optimal sensor deployment scheme such that a mean-time-to-failure (MTTF) for the system is maximized, thereby improving communication of sensor measurements. Moreover, in various embodiments, a centralized fault detection scheme may be employed and a soil moisture of a field can be determined by statistically inferring soil moistures at locations of faulty nodes using spatial and temporal correlations.

Abstract: Disclosed are various embodiments for reinforcement learning-based irrigation control to maintain or increase a crop yield or reduce water use. A computing device may be configured to determine an optimal irrigation schedule for a crop planted in a field by applying reinforcement learning (RL), where, for a given state of a total soil moisture, the computing device performs an action, the action comprising waiting or irrigating crop. An immediate reward may be assigned to a state-action pair, the state-action pair comprising the given state of the total soil moisture and the action performed. The computing device may instruct an irrigation system to apply irrigation to at least one crop in accordance with the optimal irrigation schedule determined, where the optimal irrigation schedule includes an amount of water to be applied at a predetermined time.

Abstract: A constant-volume metering pump includes a pump body, a solenoid device, and a piston pump inside the pump body. The solenoid device includes an armature, and the piston pump includes a sleeve, a piston, an inlet valve, and an outlet valve. The sleeve includes an inner sleeve bore. The inner sleeve bore conforms with the external surface of the piston and can slide freely. The piston pump divides the interior pump body into a low-pressure space and a pressure feed space. Liquid enters the pressure feed space from the low pressure space through the inlet valve and is output through the outlet valve, wherein the sleeve connects with the armature and keeps synchronous reciprocating motions. The solenoid-driven device drives the sleeve to perform a motion relative to the piston, causing output of liquid. The output quantity of liquid due to such relative motion is defined by the geometric construction.

Abstract: An energy-storing-type high-pressure electric fuel pump comprises an electromagnetic driving apparatus and a plunger sleeve cylinder component. The plunger sleeve cylinder component comprises a high-pressure volume, a plunger sleeve having a plunger hole, and a plunger capable of sliding within the plunger hole. A clearance volume of the plunger in the plunger hole is a high-pressure fuel chamber. A clearance volume between the electromagnetic driving apparatus and the plunger sleeve cylinder component forms a low-pressure fuel chamber. Under the action of the electromagnetic driving apparatus, the plunger sleeve cylinder component sucks a fuel in the low-pressure fuel chamber into the high-pressure fuel chamber and pressure-feeds the fuel into the high-pressure volume. The electromagnetic driving apparatus comprises an energy storage apparatus, a movable part, and a still part.

Abstract: An energy-storing-type high-pressure electric fuel pump includes an electromagnetic driving apparatus and a plunger sleeve cylinder component. The plunger sleeve cylinder component includes a high-pressure volume, a plunger sleeve having a plunger hole, and a plunger capable of sliding within the plunger hole. A clearance volume of the plunger in the plunger hole is a high-pressure fuel chamber. A clearance volume between the electromagnetic driving apparatus and the plunger sleeve cylinder component forms a low-pressure fuel chamber. Under the action of the electromagnetic driving apparatus, the plunger sleeve cylinder component sucks a fuel in the low-pressure fuel chamber into the high-pressure fuel chamber and pressure-feeds the fuel into the high-pressure volume. The electromagnetic driving apparatus includes an energy storage apparatus, a movable part, and a still part.

Abstract: A constant-volume metering pump includes a pump body, a solenoid device, and a piston pump inside the pump body. The solenoid device includes an armature, and the piston pump includes a sleeve, a piston, an inlet valve, and an outlet valve. The sleeve includes an inner sleeve bore. The inner sleeve bore conforms with the external surface of the piston and can slide freely. The piston pump divides the interior pump body into a low-pressure space and a pressure feed space. Liquid enters the pressure feed space from the low pressure space through the inlet valve and is output through the outlet valve, wherein the sleeve connects with the armature and keeps synchronous reciprocating motions. The solenoid-driven device drives the sleeve to perform a motion relative to the piston, causing output of liquid. The output quantity of liquid due to such relative motion is defined by the geometric construction.

Abstract: A pulse-coupled pump includes a pump body, a low-pressure pump, a high-pressure pump, and a solenoid. The low-pressure pump comprises an armature, an armature sleeve and a rectifying valve. The high-pressure pump comprises a plunger, a sleeve, an inlet valve and a delivery valve. The high-pressure pump is coupled with the low-pressure pump through the armature. The armature, located in the armature sleeve, performs a reciprocating motion driven by magnetic field force of the solenoid, which drives the plunger pump and a forms two-way pulsating liquid. The two-way pulsating liquid can form a directional flow through a rectifying valve. The armature and the armature sleeve are made of magnetically permeable material. The armature sleeve has a non-magnetic gap. The front end of the armature is located near the magnetic gap. The inlet valve is located upstream of the directional liquid flow.

Abstract: An energy-storing-type high-pressure electric fuel pump includes an electromagnetic driving apparatus and a plunger sleeve cylinder component. The plunger sleeve cylinder component includes a high-pressure volume, a plunger sleeve having a plunger hole, and a plunger capable of sliding within the plunger hole. A clearance volume of the plunger in the plunger hole is a high-pressure fuel chamber. A clearance volume between the electromagnetic driving apparatus and the plunger sleeve cylinder component forms a low-pressure fuel chamber. Under the action of the electromagnetic driving apparatus, the plunger sleeve cylinder component sucks a fuel in the low-pressure fuel chamber into the high-pressure fuel chamber and pressure-feeds the fuel into the high-pressure volume. The electromagnetic driving apparatus includes an energy storage apparatus, a movable part, and a still part.

Abstract: This invention relates to the engine technical field, more particularly, an integrated fuel feed apparatus. The integrated fuel feed apparatus including a driving member 20, a plunger pump 30 driven by said driving member, a fuel injector 90, a fuel intake member 13 and a fuel return member 14, with a return passage 15 always communicating the fuel intake member 13 with the fuel return member 14, with some of the fuel in the return passage 15 being ejected via the fuel injector 90 under the action of the plunger pump 30, featuring that the driving member consists of a solenoid 25, a sleeve 27 and a motion part 10 which can reciprocate in the sleeve 27 driven by the magnetic force of the solenoid 25, the aforesaid motion part 10 generating a flow difference while reciprocating in the aforesaid return passage 15, thus achieving the fuel flow from the fuel intake member 13 to the fuel return member 14.

Abstract: This invention relates to the engine technical field, more particularly, an integrated fuel feed apparatus. The integrated fuel feed apparatus including a driving member 20, a plunger pump 30 driven by said driving member, a fuel injector 90, a fuel intake member 13 and a fuel return member 14, with a return passage 15 always communicating the fuel intake member 13 with the fuel return member 14, with some of the fuel in the return passage 15 being ejected via the fuel injector 90 under the action of the plunger pump 30, featuring that the driving member consists of a solenoid 25, a sleeve 27 and a motion part 10 which can reciprocate in the sleeve 27 driven by the magnetic force of the solenoid 25, the aforesaid motion part 10 generating a flow difference while reciprocating in the aforesaid return passage 15, thus achieving the fuel flow from the fuel intake member 13 to the fuel return member 14.

Abstract: A fuel injection nozzle, generally relating to the field of internal combustion engine, comprises a nozzle body, a fuel valve and a guide cap, wherein when the fuel pressure in said nozzle body exceeds the predetermined level, said fuel valve opens and the fuel therein is injected out via said guide cap, featuring that said fuel valve comprises a valve body, a valve seat and a spring, wherein the space between the rear end of said valve seat and said nozzle body defines the fuel cavity, an intake port to introduce fuel into said fuel cavity is opened in said nozzle body, said spring is disposed between said valve body and said valve seat in the fuel cavity to keep said fuel valve normally closed, the volume between the front end of said valve seat and said guide cap defines a residual space, and one or more orifices communicated with said residual space are opened in said guide cap.