Abstract: The present invention provides an irrigation system with cheap humidity sensors and cheap automatic faucets preferably by using at the end nodes of the system low water pressure, so that much less force is needed to open and close the local waterway, and then either using simple electrical valves that do not require engines, or using for example mechanical sensors based on a bi-material of two or more materials which expand differently when they become wet, thus converting the difference of the expansion into convenient movement. Another possible variation, instead of mechanical sensors and valves, is to use for example a preferably synthetic material that tends to behave like a normal root preferably at the edge of each side channel, so that the “root” counter-balances the water supply and reaches equilibrium with it when the soil becomes wet enough, based preferably on asymmetric capillary materials.

Abstract: In the prior art of computer security by default programs are allowed to do whatever they like to other programs or to their data files or to critical files of the operating system, which is as absurd as letting a guest in a hotel bother other guests as he pleases, steal their property or copy it or destroy it, or have free access to the hotel's management resources. The present concept is based on automatic segregation between programs. This is preferably done by creating automatically an unlimited number of Virtual Environments (VEs) with virtual sharing of resources, so that the programs in each VE think that they are alone on the computer, and (unless explicitly allowed by the user) any changes that they think they made in virtually shared resources are in reality only made in their own VE, while the user preferably has an integrated view of the computer.

Abstract: A method for secure data communications in fax transmissions and computer network communications comprising a. Allowing the sender to receive confirmation that the receiver received the message without having to rely on the receiver accessing a web site; b. Enabling the sender to prove a message was sent to the intended receiver at the specified time/date; c. Enabling the sender to prove the content of the sent message; d. Enabling the receiver to know that the message originates from the purported sender without need to rely on encryption and digital signatures; e. Preventing the theft of digital signatures based on hardware that contains encryption keys and a surrounding processing in isolation so that malicious software cannot cheat the users by accessing said hardware; f. Preventing forgeries of source addresses of the senders which is applied to the sender's phone number, the sender's email addresses, and/or the sender's IP addresses.

Abstract: System and method is provided to improve searching on the Internet or similar networks and especially improved MetaNews and/or improved automatically generated newspaper. The present invention solves the problem by creating recursive clustering, so that preferably at any level in the tree the user can preferably either choose a specific news item from the cluster or from the shown sub-clusters or continue in the tree. Another improvement is that searching the Meta News by keywords can generate an automatic newspaper in a way similar to the original automatically generated newspaper. Many additional improvements to the concept of automated newspapers and/or news MetaSearch are also shown. Other improvements are suggested for improved shareware MetaSearch, improved Web pages search, and other types of searches.

Abstract: Optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient. The present invention solves this problem by optically marking and detecting the packet headers or parts of them, translating at most only the headers or parts of them to electronics for making packet switching decisions, and keeping the rest of the packets in optical delay lines, and solving response-time problems. Another optimization described in this invention is improving routing efficiency and bandwidth utilization by grouping together identical data packets from the same source going to the same general area with a multiple list of targets connected to each copy of the data and sent together to the general target area. Another important optimization is a new architecture and principles for routing based on physical geographical IP addresses.

Abstract: The present invention enables putting much more optic fibers per cable, such as for example even 1,000 or 10,000 times more than the prior art, with an increase in cost that is orders of magnitude smaller. One of the most important variations is using multi-fiber flexible flat jackets that can move freely within the cable's pipe, preferably only in one direction. Preferably at certain intervals (for example every few dozen centimeters or more or 1 or 2 meters or more) the flat jackets are preferably stitched together to each other and/or for example glued and/or otherwise coupled to each other in a way that preferably does not apply pressure to the optic fibers, and preferably are also coupled, preferably at the stitch position, also to the cable, in order to prevent undesired sliding movement of the jackets against each other and/or against the pipe and/or rotating out of orientation.

Abstract: The present invention provides an irrigation system with cheap humidity sensors and cheap automatic faucets preferably by using at the end nodes of the system low water pressure, so that much less force is needed to open and close the local waterway, and then either using simple electrical valves that do not require engines, or using for example mechanical sensors based on a bi-material of two or more materials which expand differently when they become wet, thus converting the difference of the expansion into convenient movement. Another possible variation, instead of mechanical sensors and valves, is to use for example a preferably synthetic material that tends to behave like a normal root preferably at the edge of each side channel, so that the “root” counter-balances the water supply and reaches equilibrium with it when the soil becomes wet enough, based preferably on asymmetric capillary materials.

Abstract: The present invention enables putting much more optic fibers per cable, such as for example even 1,000 or 10,000 times more than the prior art, with an increase in cost that is orders of magnitude smaller. One of the most important variations is using multi-fiber flexible flat jackets that can move freely within the cable's pipe, preferably only in one direction. Preferably at certain intervals (for example every few dozen centimeters or more or 1 or 2 meters or more) the flat jackets are preferably stitched together to each other and/or for example glued and/or otherwise coupled to each other in a way that preferably does not apply pressure to the optic fibers, and preferably are also coupled, preferably at the stitch position, also to the cable, in order to prevent undesired sliding movement of the jackets against each other and/or against the pipe and/or rotating out of orientation.

Abstract: A composition and method of preparing proteinaceous health food, preferably based on or including hempseed, that keeps the seed's nutritional value, preferably by preparation under conditions of little or no oxygen, little or no light, and low temperatures, and does not use dangerous ingredients, such as for example preservatives or coloring. Various variations of this food can be used for example for pet food, for other animals feed, for humans, or for baby formulas. Although hempseed is the best example, the present invention may be used also with other proteinaceous plants that don't have the problems of soy, such as for example flax seed or sesame, or some combination of the above.

Abstract: Although MS Windows (in its various versions) is at present the most popular OS (Operating System) in personal computers, after years of consecutive improvements there are still various issues which need to be improved, which include for example issues of efficiency, comfort, and/or reliability. The present invention tries to solve the above problems in new ways that include considerable improvements over the prior art. Preferably the system allows for example a “Reset” function, which means that preferably an Image of the state of the OS (including all loaded software) is saved immediately after a successful boot on the disk or other non-volatile memory and is preferably automatically updated when new drivers and/or software that change the state after a boot are added, so that if the system gets stuck it can be instantly restarted as if it has been rebooted.

Abstract: The biggest bottleneck in the Internet today is caused by the slow speed of routers, compared to the speeds that are achieved by optic fibers with DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing). Packet switching or something similar to it is needed not just for better utilization of the lines, but also because it is superior to circuit switching in many ways, such as better scalability as the Internet grows, better handling of traffic congestions, and better routing flexibility. But optical routers are currently unable to do packet switching except by translating the data to electronic data and then back, which is very inefficient.

Abstract: Price comparison sites on the Internet, which allow users to compare prices across multiple shops (or in other words allow shopping meta-search), are very popular today. However, these price comparison sites perform optimizations for only one item at a time but not for combinations of more than one item which can be purchased from more than one dealer. In other words, If the user wants to buy for example multiple books at the same time or for example a number of computer parts at the same time, he has to search for the best shop for each item separately, and then any attempt for example to optimize the shipping costs by aggregating more than one item from the same shop have to be done manually by the user, which can take quite a long time, and the user many times will not succeed to reach the best option or even close to it.

Abstract: The present invention tries to solve the problem of rainforests destruction by creating a strong financial incentive that makes preserving the rain forests much more profitable than destroying them. Preferably the idea of sustainable harvesting is combined with the idea of selling real acres to people and making sure that these acres are indeed under supervision and protection and that preferably as many of them as possible are preferably also used for sustainable harvesting, and this is preferably combined with a recursive multi-level marketing plan with various sophisticated improvements over the prior art. In addition, this invention describes an improved model of carbon-rights trading and/or of trading of other rainforests values or rights, so that preferably the model works with a formula that requires saving additional rainforests land from the trading revenue in order to avoid keeping the total amount of destruction the same.

Abstract: Broadband connections of end users to the Internet are becoming more and more common today, and the most common types of these fast connections are ADSL and Cable modems. These connections are typically still very slow compared to the speeds that are expected in the next few years and typically also highly asymmetric and allow typically 750-2000 Kbit per second (most typically 1500 Kbit) for the downlink and typically for example 96 Kbit or 128 Kbit per second for the uplink (although standard ADSL can in principle support up to 8 Mbit per second download speed and up to 800 Kbit per second upload speed), based on the assumption that most users download much more data than they upload.

Abstract: One of the biggest problems of efficiency in trains is the time wasted for boarding and letting off passengers at the stations. Since trains carry a very heavy mass, typically it can take a few minutes for the train to decelerate and come to a full stop and a few minutes to wait till all the passengers who want to get off or board the train finish boarding or exiting, and then again a few minutes to finish accelerating, and thus each stop at a station can typically slow down a train by 5-15 minutes. This is especially noticeable in fast trains, such as for example trains that go at 150 Mph or more, so that the same trip with the same type of train can take for example 3.5 hours when no or almost no stops are made on the way and 7.5 hours if the train stops at every station.

Abstract: Cellular phones are becoming more common and popular amongst all sectors of the population for business and private conversations, including many children, with about a Billion users worldwide, and about 300,000 new joiners each day. There is much concern and there is already some accumulating evidence that the Microwave emission transmitted by the cellular antenna that is held close to user's head may have deleterious effects on the user, such as for example brain or eye cancer, and possibly even more so for children. One of the most common ways to try to avoid these problems has been the usage of personal earphones with microphone, but on Apr. 4, 2000 it was published worldwide that a research conducted by the “Which?” consumer Magazine in Britain found that in fact the earphone and its cable can act as an Antenna and also expose the user to the microwave radiation.

Abstract: Although MS Windows (in its various versions) is at present the most popular OS (Operating System) in personal computers, after years of consecutive improvements there are still various issues which need to be improved, which include for example issues of efficiency, comfort, and/or reliability. The present invention tries to solve the above problems in new ways that include considerable improvements over the prior art. Preferably the system allows for example a “Reset” function, which means that preferably an Image of the state of the OS (including all loaded software) is saved immediately after a successful boot on the disk or other non-volatile memory and is preferably automatically updated when new drivers and/or software that change the state after a boot are added, so that if the system gets stuck it can be instantly restarted as if it has been rebooted.

Abstract: With the current explosion of information transfer, optic fibers are becoming faster all the time. Most of the recent advances in the amounts of data that these fibers can carry per time unit have come from adding more and more wavelengths (termed lambdas) to the same fiber at the same time, a method which is called DWDM (Dense Wave Division Multiplexing). Today a single optic fiber can carry up to 80 or even 160 different lambdas simultaneously and the number is likely to increase further. The fastest bit-rates achieved so far per each lambda are around 10 or 40 Gigabit per second, but it will be hard to go much beyond this, since higher bit-rates have much lower tolerance to dispersion problems. However, The demand for broadband communications, fueled mainly by the Internet growth, is still growing by a much faster rate than the growth in the abilities of optic fibers.

Abstract: Many areas in the world already suffer shortages of water, and others will suffer from it in the coming years. Therefore more efficient water sweetening is essential for our survival on this planet. The most commonly used water sweetening methods are: Reversed osmosis, distillation, electrodyalisis, and partial freezing. However, these methods suffer from low efficiency and high energy consumption, thus making them significantly more expensive than naturally obtained water. The present invention describes a system & method for efficient and low energy sweetening of water, based on borderline fast fluctuation between liquid to gaseous state and back, by using centrifugal forces to make water droplets fly at a high speed, so that they evaporate for a split second, the salt is separated, and they condense again. The present invention tries to make the process energy-efficient by enabling the use of lower speeds and smaller droplet sizes and solving various problems involved with that.

Abstract: The destruction of the rainforests in the last decades has become the biggest crime against humanity and against nature and against other entire species of animals, and also the biggest irreversible folly of the late 20th century and beginning of the 21st. Various statistics show that at the current rate of destruction, unless drastic changes are made right now, by the year 2020 or even considerably earlier, 90-100% of all the rainforests will be irrevocably destroyed, causing damages that will take MILLIONS OF YEARS to repair, if at all. More plant and animal species will go through extinction within our generation than have been lost through natural causes over the past two hundred million years.