Abstract: An image sensor may include a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer that is subwavelength, hydrophobic, and/or antireflective. The PDMS layer may be fabricated to include a surface having a plurality of nanostructures (e.g., an array of convex protuberances and/or an array of concave recesses). The nanostructures may be formed through the use of a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template that uses a plurality of nanopores to form the array of convex protuberances and/or the array of concave recesses. The nanostructures may each have a respective width that is less than the wavelength of incident light that is to be collected by the image sensor to increase light absorption by increasing the angle of incidence for which the image sensor is capable of collecting incident light. This may increase the quantum efficiency of the image sensor and may increase the sensitivity of the image sensor.

Abstract: A method includes forming a release film over a carrier, forming a polymer buffer layer over the release film, forming a metal post on the polymer buffer layer, encapsulating the metal post in an encapsulating material, performing a planarization on the encapsulating material to expose the metal post, forming a redistribution structure over the encapsulating material and the metal post, and decomposing a first portion of the release film. A second portion of the release film remains after the decomposing. An opening is formed in the polymer buffer layer to expose the metal post.

Abstract: A reliability evaluation method for a multi-state distributed network system is provided. The network system includes a network topology of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, edge servers, cloud servers, transmission nodes and transmission arcs. The capacity of the transmission arc is regarded as a random multi-state. The data generated by the IoT devices are transmitted to the edge servers. After processing and compression by the edge servers, the data are transmitted to the cloud servers for calculation. System reliability is defined as the probability that a specific amount of data can be successfully transferred from the IoT devices to the cloud servers. Algorithms are used to calculate the transmission mechanism between the IoT devices, the edge servers, and the cloud servers, evaluate the quality and reliability of multi-state distributed network systems, and further serve as an indicator of system management. Sensitivity analysis is also used to improve quality.

Abstract: A reliability evaluation method for a multi-state distributed network system is provided. The network system includes a network topology of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, edge servers, cloud servers, transmission nodes and transmission arcs. The capacity of the transmission arc is regarded as a random multi-state. The data generated by the IoT devices are transmitted to the edge servers. After processing and compression by the edge servers, the data are transmitted to the cloud servers for calculation. System reliability is defined as the probability that a specific amount of data can be successfully transferred from the IoT devices to the cloud servers. Algorithms are used to calculate the transmission mechanism between the IoT devices, the edge servers, and the cloud servers, evaluate the quality and reliability of multi-state distributed network systems, and further serve as an indicator of system management. Sensitivity analysis is also used to improve quality.

Abstract: An accurate method, which is utilized to evaluate a system reliability of a cloud computer network, is disclosed. The cloud computer network includes a plurality of arcs. Each arc has a current capacity, and the current capacities are arranged to form a plurality of capacity vectors corresponding to several states of the cloud computer network. The steps of the method includes: providing a total demand, a time constraint and a budget constraint; defining a first vector group, including the capacity vectors satisfying the total demand and the time constraint; executing an adjustment procedure to change the capacity vectors unsatisfying into satisfying the budget constraint; defining a second vector group according to the result of the adjustment procedure, including the capacity vectors satisfying the total demand, the time constraint and the budget constraint; and calculating a probability according to the second vector group and defining the probability as the system reliability.

Abstract: An estimation method applies to evaluating a system reliability of a cloud computing network, and the steps thereof includes: providing a network model which sends data through at least two path between a cloud and a client; inputting a demand, a time constraint and a maintenance budget into the network model; providing plural capacity vectors corresponding to different states of the flow of the cloud computing network; selecting a first set of vectors from the capacity vectors for satisfying the demand and the time constraint; deleting the capacity vectors which do not meet the maintenance budget from the first set of vectors to form a second set of vectors; and computing an upper boundary of the system reliability based on the first set of vectors and an lower boundary of the system reliability based on the second set of vectors.

Abstract: A carrier selection method for the logistics network is disclosed to evaluate the network reliability of each carrier set for choosing an optimal carrier set. The logistics network includes a start, a terminal and a plurality of routes between the start and the terminal, and a plurality of minimal paths are composed of the routes. The carrier set is composed of carriers chosen in every route of the logistics network. The carrier selection method includes the steps of choosing one carrier for transporting; distributing a demand in the minimal paths, and each carrier having a plurality of capacities and a maximal capacity; calculating a network reliability for the carrier set transporting the demand in the minimal paths according to the demand, the capacities and the maximal capacity; and executing genetic algorithm for searching an optimal carrier set.

Abstract: A method for assigning transmission line of electric network, which is used to select an optimal transmission assignment from a plurality of transmission assignment, is disclosed. The steps of the method includes: assigning a transmission line between a source and a relay node and another transmission line between the relay node and a sink to form one of the transmission assignments, and the states of the two transmission line are different; computing a network reliability of each transmission assignment; executing an algorithm to generate two offspring transmission assignments for replacing two of the transmission assignments, and the network reliabilities of the two of the transmission assignments are minimum; computing the network reliabilities for the two offspring transmission assignments; and selecting one of the transmission assignments with the maximal network reliability being the optimal transmission assignment.

Abstract: A system reliability evaluation method for routing policy is disclosed. The single minimal path of the routing policy includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a flow network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the flow network; inputting a transmission requirement, a budget restriction and a time restriction; distributing the transmission requirement in a first minimal path of the virtual network for getting a first feasible probability; if the first minimal path is inactive, distributing the transmission requirement in a second minimal path of the virtual network and getting a first inactive probability of the first minimal path; getting a second feasible probability of the second minimal path; and computing a system feasible probability of the virtual network by the first feasible probability, the first inactive probability and the second feasible probability, defining the system reliability.

Abstract: A system reliability evaluation method for transmission by two minimal paths in time restriction is disclosed. The minimal path includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a flow network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the flow network; inputting a transmission requirement and a time restriction; distributing the transmission requirement in a first minimal path and a second minimal path to make the first minimal path have a first throughput and the second minimal path have a second throughput; finding a plurality of feasible solutions satisfying the relation that the first throughput plus the second throughput equals the demand in the time restriction; finding a lower boundary vector by applying the comparative method; and computing a system reliability by applying set theory.

Abstract: An accurate method, which is utilized to evaluate a system reliability of a cloud computer network, is disclosed. The cloud computer network includes a plurality of arcs. Each arc has a current capacity, and the current capacities are arranged to form a plurality of capacity vectors corresponding to several states of the cloud computer network. The steps of the method includes: providing a total demand, a time constraint and a budget constraint; defining a first vector group, including the capacity vectors satisfying the total demand and the time constraint; executing an adjustment procedure to change the capacity vectors unsatisfying into satisfying the budget constraint; defining a second vector group according to the result of the adjustment procedure, including the capacity vectors satisfying the total demand, the time constraint and the budget constraint; and calculating a probability according to the second vector group and defining the probability as the system reliability.

Abstract: An estimation method applies to evaluating a system reliability of a cloud computing network, and the steps thereof includes: providing a network model which sends data through at least two path between a cloud and a client; inputting a demand, a time constraint and a maintenance budget into the network model; providing plural capacity vectors corresponding to different states of the flow of the cloud computing network; selecting a first set of vectors from the capacity vectors for satisfying the demand and the time constraint; deleting the capacity vectors which do not meet the maintenance budget from the first set of vectors to form a second set of vectors; and computing an upper boundary of the system reliability based on the first set of vectors and an lower boundary of the system reliability based on the second set of vectors.

Abstract: A carrier selection method for the logistics network is disclosed to evaluate the network reliability of each carrier set for choosing an optimal carrier set. The logistics network includes a start, a terminal and a plurality of routes between the start and the terminal, and a plurality of minimal paths are composed of the routes. The carrier set is composed of carriers chosen in every route of the logistics network. The carrier selection method includes the steps of choosing one carrier for transporting; distributing a demand in the minimal paths, and each carrier having a plurality of capacities and a maximal capacity; calculating a network reliability for the carrier set transporting the demand in the minimal paths according to the demand, the capacities and the maximal capacity; and executing genetic algorithm for searching an optimal carrier set.

Abstract: An evaluating method for internal network performance by simulation of a flow network model with an acceptable threshold for the required flow of the internal network is applied to a computer system. The network model comprises plural nodes and document flow paths, wherein each said node corresponds to one employee of the internal network with a capacity, which is tested to get a testing result, and each said document flow path has a flow, which maps into a probability distribution data by a probability mapping function. According to the probability mapping function and operation relationship between the capacity and the flow together with the acceptable threshold and the probability distribution data, a system reliability value is calculated out and shown in a display screen.

Abstract: A system reliability evaluation method for transmission by a single minimal path in time restriction is disclosed. The single minimal path includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a flow network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the flow network; inputting a transmission requirement, a budget restriction and a time restriction; distributing the transmission requirement in a minimal path of the virtual network for getting a capacity vector to represent the flow distribution of the flow network; under the capacity vector, checking if the transmission cost satisfy the budget restriction for sending the transmission requirement in the minimal path; thereby, defining a lower boundary vector; and computing a system reliability that is a probability of any one capacity vector being lager than or equal to the lower boundary vector.

Abstract: A system reliability evaluation method for transmission by two minimal paths in time restriction is disclosed. The minimal path includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a flow network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the flow network; inputting a transmission requirement and a time restriction; distributing the transmission requirement in a first minimal path and a second minimal path to make the first minimal path have a first throughput and the second minimal path have a second throughput; finding a plurality of feasible solutions satisfying the relation that the first throughput plus the second throughput equals the demand in the time restriction; finding a lower boundary vector by applying the comparative method; and computing a system reliability by applying set theory.

Abstract: A system reliability evaluation method for routing policy is disclosed. The single minimal path of the routing policy includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a flow network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the flow network; inputting a transmission requirement, a budget restriction and a time restriction; distributing the transmission requirement in a first minimal path of the virtual network for getting a first feasible probability; if the first minimal path is inactive, distributing the transmission requirement in a second minimal path of the virtual network and getting a first inactive probability of the first minimal path; getting a second feasible probability of the second minimal path; and computing a system feasible probability of the virtual network by the first feasible probability, the first inactive probability and the second feasible probability, defining the system reliability.

Abstract: A system feasible duration evaluation method for project management under budget and time constraint is disclosed. The project includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a virtual network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the project; inputting a plurality of activity, a budget constraint and a time constraint; distributing orderly the activity in the virtual network; defining a duration vector; checking if the activity duration satisfy the time constraint for dealing the activity in the duration vector of the minimal path; checking if the activity cost satisfy the budget constraint for dealing the activity in the duration vector; defining a upper duration vector; defining a lower duration vector; and listing the system feasible durations that satisfies the upper duration vector and the lower duration vector.

Abstract: A system reliability evaluation method for transmission by a single minimal path in time restriction is disclosed. The single minimal path includes plural arcs between a start node and a terminal node in a flow network. The method includes the steps of providing a virtual network in a computer for simulating the flow network; inputting a transmission requirement, a budget restriction and a time restriction; distributing the transmission requirement in a minimal path of the virtual network for getting a capacity vector to represent the flow distribution of the flow network; under the capacity vector, checking if the transmission cost satisfy the budget restriction for sending the transmission requirement in the minimal path; thereby, defining a lower boundary vector; and computing a system reliability that is a probability of any one capacity vector being lager than or equal to the lower boundary vector.

Abstract: An evaluating method for internal network performance by simulation of a flow network model with an acceptable threshold for the required flow of the internal network is applied to a computer system. The network model comprises plural nodes and document flow paths, wherein each said node corresponds to one employee of the internal network with a capacity, which is tested to get a testing result, and each said document flow path has a flow, which maps into a probability distribution data by a probability mapping function. According to the probability mapping function and operation relationship between the capacity and the flow together with the acceptable threshold and the probability distribution data, a system reliability value is calculated out and shown in a display screen.