Abstract: Present invention enables to easily exchange the electronic business cards, using smart phones or other type of handheld computers. First, the user sets up an electronic business card in his/her smart phone. This electronic business card is exchanged with other users through the smart phones. Thereby, the user can obtain other users' electronic business cards. The user can also scan a paper business card. The user can organize these received and scanned electronic business cards in his/her smart phone. The data related to the user's and other people's electronic business cards is backed up in a server. Furthermore, various useful functions can be called through the stored electronic business cards. Useful information related to the stored electronic business cards is also provided.

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device has a device for reading stored information out of a memory element of a semiconductor by applying a reading voltage onto a word line; and a single word line clamping circuit for controlling the reading voltage applied onto the word line such that the reading voltage is close to a relatively high threshold voltage of the memory element when the reading voltage is applied onto the word line, the word line clamping circuit being commonly disposed on a plurality of word lines.

Abstract: A method for forming an interconnection pattern of Al on a structure, such as a semiconductor device, includes the step of introducing ions of a selected material, such as As, P, B and Ar, into a film of Al to be formed into an interconnection pattern prior to the step of heat treatment, thereby substantially preventing undesired results, such as hillocks, when the pattern is heat-treated.