Abstract: A compound includes a first linker having a first end connected to the carrier, a second linker having a first end connected to the carrier, a third linker having a first end connected to the carrier, a first fluorescent entity connected to a second end of the first linker, a second fluorescent entity different from the first fluorescent entity connected to a second end of the second linker, and a biomolecule connected to a second end of the third linker. The biomolecule is configured to connect to a biomarker. A method of detecting biomarkers is also disclosed.

Abstract: A compound includes a nanomaterial carrier, a first linker having a first end connected to the nanomaterial carrier, a second linker having a second end connected to the nanomaterial carrier, a fluorescent entity connected to a second end of the first linker, and a biomolecule connected to a second end of the second linker. The biomolecule is configured to connect to a cluster of differentiation (CD) of an extracellular vesicle (EV). A method is also disclosed.

Abstract: An example compound according to an example of the present disclosure includes, among other possible things, a nanotube carrier, a moiety, a linker having first and second functional groups, wherein the first functional group is covalently linked to the nanotube carrier, and the second functional group is covalently linked to the moiety. An example method of making a nanotube compound according to the present disclosure is also disclosed.

Abstract: A example compound according to the present disclosure includes, among other possible things, a nanodot carrier, a moiety, and a linker having first and second functional groups, wherein the first functional group is covalently linked to the nanodot carrier, and the second functional group is covalently linked to the moiety. An example method of making a nanodot carrier is also disclosed.

Abstract: An example fluorophore according to the present application includes a carrier, at least one fluorescent entity, and an amphiphilic linker linking each of the at last one fluorescent entities to the carrier. The linker has a linker length that corresponds to its molecular weight, and the molecular weight is greater than 1000 Da.

Abstract: The tunneling channel of a field effect transistor comprising a plurality of tunneling elements contacting a channel substrate. Applying a source-drain voltage of greater than a turn-on voltage produces a source-drain current of greater than about 10 pA. Applying a source-drain voltage of less than a turn-on voltage produces a source-drain current of less than about 10 pA. The turn-on voltage at room temperature is between about 0.1V and about 40V.

Abstract: This disclosure provides boron nitride nanosheets, and methods of making and using the same. The boron nitride nanosheets may be made by heating solid boron, magnesium oxide and iron oxide compounds in a furnace in the presence of ammonia gas and a substrate, such that the boron nitride nanosheet is deposited on the substrate, where the boron nitride nanosheet comprises a first end, a second end, and a sheet between the first and second ends, where the first end is engaged with the substrate and the sheet extends upward away from the substrate and then curls back towards the substrate so that the second end is oriented towards the substrate.

Abstract: The tunneling channel of a field effect transistor comprising a plurality of tunneling elements contacting a channel substrate. Applying a source-drain voltage of greater than a turn-on voltage produces a source-drain current of greater than about 10 pA. Applying a source-drain voltage of less than a turn-on voltage produces a source-drain current of less than about 10 pA. The turn-on voltage at room temperature is between about 0.1V and about 40V.