Abstract: A semiconductor device includes: a memory test circuit that outputs a fourth signal based on a logic level of a second signal corresponding to a first signal output by a host and a logic level of a third signal; a memory device that becomes active or inactive based on a logic level of the fourth signal; and a test logic that outputs the third signal and performs a retention test on the memory device based on the logic level of the second signal.

Abstract: An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: M1(L1)n1(L2)n2??Formula 1 wherein, M1 is a transition metal, L1 is a ligand represented by Formula 1A, L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1B, and n1 and n2 are each independently 1 or 2, wherein X1 is C or N; and X2 is C or N; Y1 is O, S, or Se; ring CY1 is a C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group; * and *? each indicate a binding site to M1; and the remaining substituent groups are as defined herein.

Abstract: An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: M1(L1)n1(L2)n2??Formula 1 wherein, in Formula 1, M1 is a transition metal, L1 is a ligand represented by Formula 1A, L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1B, and n1 and n2 are each independently 1 or 2: wherein, X1 is C or N, X2 is C or N, Y1 is O, S, Se, C(R41)(R42), or N(R43), at least one R2 is a C1-C10 alkyl group that is substituted with a fluorine, b2 is an integer from 1 to 6, b11 is 1 or 2, b12 is an integer from 1 to 4, * and *? each indicate a binding site to M1, and the other substituent groups in Formulae 1A and 1B are as described herein.

Abstract: An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: M1(L1)n1(L2)n2??Formula 1 wherein, M1 is a transition metal, L1 is a ligand represented by Formula 1A, L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1B, and n1 and n2 are each independently 1 or 2, wherein X1 is C or N, X2 is C or N, at least one R2 is a C1-C10 alkyl group that is substituted with a fluorine, b1 is an integer from 1 to 6, b2 is an integer from 1 to 10, * and *? each indicate a binding site to M1, and the other substituent groups of Formulae 1A and 1B are as described herein.

Abstract: A semiconductor device includes a conductive pattern and a spacer structure disposed on a side surface of the conductive pattern. The spacer structure includes an inner spacer in contact with the side surface of the conductive pattern, an outer spacer spaced apart from the side surface of the conductive pattern, and an air gap disposed between the inner spacer and the outer spacer. The inner spacer includes an inner oxidized region exposed by the air gap. A concentration of oxygen in the inner oxidized region has a gradient in which the oxygen concentration decreases in a direction away from the air gap.

Abstract: An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: M1(L1)n1(L2)n2??Formula 1 wherein M1 is a transition metal, L1 is a ligand represented by Formula 1A, L2 is a ligand represented by Formula 1B, and n1 and n2 are each independently 1 or 2, wherein X1 to X4 are each independently C or N, Y1 is O, S, Se, C(R5)(R6), N(R7), or Si(R8)(R9), ring CY2 and ring CY4 are each independently a C5-C30 carbocyclic group or a C1-C30 heterocyclic group, ring CY3 is a 6-membered heterocyclic group, a 6-membered heterocyclic group condensed with a C5-C30 carbocyclic group, or a 6-membered heterocyclic group condensed with a C1-C30 heterocyclic group, Z1 comprises at least one deuterium, and the other variables are as provided herein.

Abstract: An organometallic compound represented by Formula 1: M1(Ln1)n1(Ln2)n2??Formula 1 wherein M1 is a transition metal, Ln1 is a ligand represented by Formula 1-1, Ln2 is a bidentate ligand, n1 is 1, 2, or 3, and n2 is 0, 1, or 2, wherein X1, X2, X11 to X14, Y1, R10, R20, ring CY2, b10, and b20 are as defined herein, and wherein * and *? each indicate a binding site to M1.

Abstract: A method for determining a source and a transmission path to provide content includes receiving a message comprising at least one of channel information of a link between a request device which requests content download and a central management device, available resource amount information of a candidate device, channel information of a link between the candidate device and the central management device, and channel information of a link between the request device and one candidate device. The method also includes determining a source device and the transmission path for providing the content to the request device using an available resource amount of the candidate device, a data rate of the link between the request device and the central management device, a data rate of the link between the request device and the candidate device, and a data rate of the link between the candidate device and the central management device.

Abstract: Short range wireless communication is provided. A first node included in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communicates with at least one neighboring second node. The first node transmits or receives data to or from at least one device node connected to the first node during a time division communication period, using a super-frame in which the time division communication period, a time division schedule advertisement message transmission period, and a Contention Access Period (CAP) are sequentially arranged. The first node broadcasts a time division schedule advertisement message of the first node to the at least one second node during the time division schedule advertisement message transmission period within the super-frame.

Abstract: A cloud service system includes at least one user device, a plurality of clouds for providing different cloud services, and a gateway connected between the user device and the clouds. The gateway selects at least one of the clouds according to predefined Service Level Agreement (SLA) information, and stores content provided from the user device to the selected cloud.

Abstract: A system and method of updating a key based on communication and security damage costs are provided. The key updating system for group communication between a plurality of group members, includes a key update cycle determining unit to determine a key update cycle based on a communication cost and a security damage cost, and a key updating unit to perform a key updating with respect to one or more group members of the group communication based on the determined key update cycle.

Abstract: A routing method in a multi-hop cellular system, the method including: maintaining a signal strength in each node included in the multi-hop cellular system; receiving, in at least one neighbor node, a route-request message broadcasted by a source node; dropping or re-broadcasting, by the at least one neighbor node, the route-request message based on a hop count and the signal strength; and storing, in a base station, the route-request message which is received via the at least one neighbor node, based on an elapsed time, or transmitting a route-reply message to the source node via an optimal path which is selected via the stored route-request message.

Abstract: A method for determining a source and a transmission path to provide content includes receiving a message comprising at least one of channel information of a link between a request device which requests content download and a central management device, available resource amount information of a candidate device, channel information of a link between the candidate device and the central management device, and channel information of a link between the request device and one candidate device. The method also includes determining a source device and the transmission path for providing the content to the request device using an available resource amount of the candidate device, a data rate of the link between the request device and the central management device, a data rate of the link between the request device and the candidate device, and a data rate of the link between the candidate device and the central management device.

Abstract: A privacy protection policy is present in a content sharing system. A method for managing contents in a content sharing system includes receiving a content download request from a first account through a first device; and determining whether to carry out the download by considering at least one of a sharing range of a download-requested content, a content access right of the first account, a content access right of an owner account of the first device, a sharing range of a download folder, and sharing acceptance or rejection of an owner of the content.

Abstract: A cloud service system includes at least one user device, a plurality of clouds for providing different cloud services, and a gateway connected between the user device and the clouds. The gateway selects at least one of the clouds according to predefined Service Level Agreement (SLA) information, and stores content provided from the user device to the selected cloud.

Abstract: A radio communication system and transmission method using Multi-Radio Access (MRA) interfaces are provided. The radio communication system and method include a transmitter and a receiver having at least two Radio Access (RA) interfaces capable of communicating through different frequency spectrums, in which each of the transmitter and the receiver includes a multiple radio transmission layer for activating a multiple radio transmission entity for each upper layer service and transmitting data in packet units and an RA layer for activating at least one RA entity that manages the RA interface for the multiple radio transmission entity and dividing a packet into sub-packets for transmission and reception. In the transmission method, the multiple radio transmission entity of the transmitter receives a packet transmission success indicator for a specific packet from the RA entity of the transmitter and a next packet is transmitted upon receipt of the packet transmission success indicator.

Abstract: A method and system for relaying data in a mobile communication system are provided, in which a Relay Station (RS) configures a routing table using Link Quality Information (LQI) exchanged among Relay Stations (RSs) in a cell, determines a relay path referring to the routing table, measures the quality of a signal received from an Mobile Station (MS), determines whether to relay data received from the MS by comparing the measured signal quality with at least one of information regarding a data rate of the MS and a reference threshold, transmits a relay request message to a Base Station (BS), if the RS determines to relay the data received from the MS, updates the relay path, upon receipt of a relay response message accepting the relay request and broadcasting information from the BS, and relays the data received from the MS to the BS in the updated relay path.

Abstract: An energy-aware routing method and energy-aware routing system, the energy-aware routing apparatus for use with a multi-hop system including at least one terminal and at least one base station, the apparatus includes a transceiving unit for receiving a route request message including battery information from each of the at least one terminal; and a control unit for receiving the route request message from the transceiving unit and selecting a communication path from configurable paths by using the battery information.

Abstract: Short range wireless communication is provided. A first node included in a Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) communicates with at least one neighboring second node. The first node transmits or receives data to or from at least one device node connected to the first node during a time division communication period, using a super-frame in which the time division communication period, a time division schedule advertisement message transmission period, and a Contention Access Period (CAP) are sequentially arranged. The first node broadcasts a time division schedule advertisement message of the first node to the at least one second node during the time division schedule advertisement message transmission period within the super-frame.

Abstract: A frame structure for piconet master node on/off scheduling and method thereof. The frame structure includes a schedule-based data period, a contention-based active period, a schedule-based schedule notification message period directly following the contention-based active period, and an inactive sleep mode period positioned before the schedule-based data period, before or after the contention-based active period, or after the schedule-based schedule notification message period.