Abstract: A production process of a polymerized toner, in which a corrosion-resistant metal container, the surface roughness Ry of an inner wall of which is at most 3 ?m, is used as a polymerization container, and when an aqueous liquid dispersion is heated in the polymerization container to conduct polymerization, the temperature of the aqueous liquid dispersion is raised up to a temperature 5° C. lower than a target polymerization temperature at a heating rate of 20 to 60° C./hr and raised up to the target polymerization temperature from the temperature 5° C. lower than the target polymerization temperature at a heating rate of 5 to 30° C./hr, and after the temperature of the aqueous liquid dispersion reaches the target polymerization temperature, the polymerization is conducted while controlling the temperature of the aqueous liquid dispersion so as to fall within a range of (the target polymerization temperature ±3° C.).

Abstract: A method of producing a toner having a process of mixing colored particles and outer-additives by using a mixer with an agitating blade whose shaft portion is sealed with a gas having a flow rate of from 0.4 m3/hr to 3 m3/hr and which rotates at such a high speed as a peripheral speed at a tip of said agitating blade in a range of from 20 m/sec to 50 m/sec. When the colored particles and outer-additives are mixed with each other, there is no generation of aggregates thereby and the toner can be obtained at a high yield. Therefore the toner which hardly generates a white streak and fog, even after a long period of continuous operation of development of electrophotographs is performed, can be obtained.

Abstract: A method of producing a toner having a process of mixing colored particles and outer-additives by using a mixer with an agitating blade whose shaft portion is sealed with a gas having a flow rate of from 0.4 m3/hr to 3 m3/hr and which rotates at such a high speed as a peripheral speed at a tip of said agitating blade in a range of from 20 m/sec to 50 m/sec. When the colored particles and outer-additives are mixed with each other, there is no generation of aggregates thereby and the toner can be obtained at a high yield. Therefore the toner which hardly generates a white streak and fog, even after a long period of continuous operation of development of electrophotographs is performed, can be obtained.

Abstract: A toner binder comprising a crosslinked polyester resin obtained by using 0.1 to 3 mol % of trimellitic acid and 0.1 to 5 mol % of an epi-bis type epoxy in combination as crosslinking components, said binder having a number average molecular weight (Mn) in the chromatogram determined by a gel permeation chromatography on the non-gel portion of the polyester resin, of 2,000 to 4,000, a ratio (Mw/Mn) of the weight average molecular weight to the number average molecular weight of 10 to 25 and a (percent gel) of the residue unsoluble in tetrahydrofuran solvent of 1 wt % or less. A toner composition for flash fixing comprising the above-described binder as an essential constituent component. The toner and the toner binder exhibit good fixability and void resistance upon flash fixing and produce little fixing odor.

Abstract: A non-magnetic one-component developer suitable for use in a contact or non-contact development system. The developer comprises 100 parts by weight of colored fine particles, which comprises a binder resin and a colorant, and 0.3-10 parts by weight of at least one fine inorganic powder selected from (i) a fine inorganic powder (I) obtained by subjecting a fine inorganic powder having an average particle size of 0.1-10 .mu.m and a heating loss (under drying conditions of 150.degree. C. and 1 hour) of at most 1 wt.% to a hydrophobicity-imparting treatment with a silicone oil and (ii) a fine inorganic powder (II) obtained by subjecting a fine inorganic powder having an average particle size of 0.1-10 .mu.m to a two-step hydrophobicity-imparting treatment with at least one compound selected from silane coupling agents and silazane compounds and then further with a silicone oil.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a microporous hollow fiber having a high permeability to water characterized in that a spinning solution of (A) polyacrylonitrile, (B) an acrylonitrile copolymer, or (C) an admixture of (A) and (B) in an organic solvent is extruded from an annular slit, while simultaneously extruding an organic core liquid which is a solvent for (A), (B) and (C) or a swelling agent capable of swelling them from an orifice encircled by the annular slit and introducing the extruded spinning solution with the core liquid into an aqueous coagulating bath to coagulate the spinning solution to form the hollow fiber.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a hollow fiber includes the steps of:extruding a spinning solution of high molecular weight compound dissolved into a solvent, from an annular slit; and simultaneously extruding a liquid consisting of at least one of the solvent and swelling liquid capable of swelling the high molecular weight compound from an orifice encircled by the annular slit.

Abstract: In a cutting apparatus wherein an object is cut in such a manner that a cutting blade is rotated relatively to the object, in which the cutting blade is constructed as a straight blade having a straight cutting edge which is defined by:(a) a first blade surface to be positioned at an angle with a predetermined cutting plane of the object; and(b) a second blade surface to be positioned at a larger angle with the cutting plane of the object than that of the first blade surface,wherein on the relative rotation of the straight blade the first blade surface is so disposed as to be withdrawn from the cutting plane of the object toward the second blade surface without substantially contacting with the cutting plane.

Abstract: A hollow-fiber permeability apparatus includes a housing having a permeating region, a bundle of permeable-wall hollow fibers in the permeating region, means for supplying a first fluid flowing between the exteriors of the fibers, another means for passing a second fluid through the interiors of fibers such that materials selectively permeate through the walls of the fibers, and an enlarged cross-section portion to define at least one compartment between the bundle and a wall of the housing and having an inlet opening for introducing the first fluid into the housing, the permeating region having a flattened cross-section in the direction substantially perpendicular to the lengthwise direction of the fibers, and the enlarged cross-section portion being formed at least along substantially the whole lengths of the longer side of the cross section of the permeating region.