Abstract: A rubbing buff is wrapped around a roller so that an axial direction of short fibers on a rubbing cloth crosses diagonally with a roller rolling direction. The roller is placed so that a rotational shaft crosses diagonally with a moving direction of a substrate. Then orientation films formed on an upper and a lower substrates are rubbed by the roller in a first and second directions whereby an orientation direction is determined. As a result, quality display can be realized on an LCD.

Abstract: A control object can be stopped at a target position with high precision by decelerating braking performed by decreasing a control speed of a speed controller and by decelerating braking performed by braking operation of a brake device. A positioning apparatus includes a rotation detecting sensor S coupled to a rotary shaft for rotating or rectilinearly driving a control object. A normal-reverse rotation discriminating circuit DD for discriminating normal rotation of the rotary shaft from reverse rotation thereof. A first decelerating position memory B1 for holding at least one decelerating position where low-speed driving operation is to be started, and second decelerating position memory B2 for holding at least one decelerating position where braking operation is to be started. First and second decelerating position comparators CP1 and CP2 for comparing counted values with first and second decelerating positions in the first and second decelerating position memories B1 and B2.