Abstract: An ion exchange membrane according to the present disclosure is provided with: a cation exchange composition body that is composed of cation exchange resin particles and a binder resin; and an anion exchange composition body that is composed of anion exchange resin particles and a binder resin. At least one of the cation exchange composition body and the anion exchange composition body is configured to contain a thermally infusible additive.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane is provided with a first cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group and is formed in a sheet form; a first anion exchange composition which is disposed to be in contact with the first cation exchange composition, has an anion exchange group, and is formed in a sheet form. Furthermore, the ion exchange membrane is provided with a second cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first cation exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first cation exchange composition; and a second anion exchange composition which has an anion exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first anion exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first anion exchange composition.

Abstract: A water treatment apparatus of the present disclosure includes an electrochemical cell provided with an inlet and an outlet, a power supply that supplies electric power to electrodes, a first water flow path connected with the inlet, a second water flow path connected with the outlet, a soft water supply unit that feeds soft water to the inlet, and a flow adjustor that regulates a flow rate of water passing through the second water flow path. The water treatment apparatus further includes a controller that controls electric power supplied from the power supply to the electrodes, the flow rate of water passing through the second water flow path by use of the flow adjustor, and soft water fed to the inlet by use of the soft water supply unit when a process for regenerating the electrochemical cell is executed. As a result, the apparatus can reduce the hardness and electric conductivity of water fed into the electrochemical cell during regeneration of an ion exchange membrane and restrain scale formation.

Abstract: An ion exchange membrane is provided with a first cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group and is formed in a sheet form; a first anion exchange composition which is disposed to be in contact with the first cation exchange composition, has an anion exchange group, and is formed in a sheet form. Furthermore, the ion exchange membrane is provided with a second cation exchange composition which has a cation exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first cation exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first cation exchange composition; and a second anion exchange composition which has an anion exchange group, which is formed in a sheet form, and which is disposed to be opposed to the first anion exchange composition, and through which water permeates more easily than in the first anion exchange composition.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front plate and a rear plate provided to be opposed to the front plate. The front plate includes a display electrode, a dielectric layer for covering the display electrode, and a protective layer for covering the dielectric layer. The protective layer includes a base layer, and a metal oxide formed on the base layer. The metal oxide has a ratio from 0.1 to 10 inclusive between the maximum intensity of photoluminescence at a wavelength ranging from 200 nm to less than 300 nm and the maximum intensity of photoluminescence at a wavelength ranging from 300 nm to less than 500 nm. Furthermore, the metal oxide contains aluminum from 50 ppm to 200 ppm inclusive in terms of weight concentration, and fluorine from 150 ppm to 600 ppm inclusive in terms of weight concentration.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) includes a front panel including (i) a substrate, (ii) a display electrode formed on the substrate, (iii) a dielectric layer formed to cover the display electrode, and (iv) a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer. Further, the PDP includes a rear panel disposed facing the front panel forming a discharge space, and including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode and a barrier rib partitioning the discharge space. The protective layer is formed by forming a base film of MgO on the dielectric layer and attaching a plurality of aggregated particles of metal oxide crystal particles to the base film so that the aggregated particles are distributed over the entire surface, the base film includes Si as a material impurity, and a Si concentration in the base film is more than 0 ppm and not more than 10 ppm.

Abstract: A PDP is provided with a front plate and a rear plate. The front plate has a protective layer. The protective layer includes a base layer, a plurality of first particles and a plurality of second particles. The first particles are aggregated particles obtained by aggregating a plurality of crystal particles made of magnesium oxide and having a cathode luminescence peak in a wavelength region from 200 nm or more to 300 nm or less. The second particles are crystal particles made of magnesium oxide, which have a cathode luminescence peak in a wavelength region from 400 nm or more to 450 nm or less, but do not have a cathode luminescence peak in the wavelength region from 200 nm or more to 300 nm or less.

Abstract: A plasma display panel has a front plate and a rear plate disposed so as to face the front plate. The front plate includes display electrodes, a dielectric layer formed to coat the display electrodes, and a protective layer formed to coat the dielectric layer. The protective layer includes a base layer formed on the dielectric layer, and a plurality of particles dispersed in the base layer. The base layer has nanocrystalline particles made of magnesium oxide and having an average particle diameter in the range of at least 10 nm to at most 100 nm. The particles are aggregated particles in which a plurality of metal oxide crystal particles are aggregated. The aggregated particles have an average particle diameter at least twice to at most four times as large as a film thickness of the base layer.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front panel including a substrate, a display electrode formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer formed so as to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer; and a rear panel disposed facing the front panel so that discharge space is formed, and including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode and a barrier rib for partitioning the discharge space. The protective layer is formed by forming a base film on the dielectric layer and attaching a plurality of aggregated particles of a plurality of crystal particles of metal oxide to the base film so that a plurality of aggregated particles are distributed over the entire surface, and the base film is made of MgO containing Al.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including a front panel including a front glass substrate, a display electrode formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer formed to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer; and a rear panel facing the front panel so that discharge space is formed and including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode, and a barrier rib for partitioning the discharge space. The protective layer includes a base film on the dielectric layer and aggregated particles of a plurality of aggregated metal-oxide crystal particles attached to the base film so that they are distributed over an entire surface. The aggregated particles are attached so that the number of aggregated particles per 10000 ?m2 is not less than 45 and not more than 350.

Abstract: A plasma display panel including: a front panel including a glass front substrate, a display electrode formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer formed so as to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer; and a rear panel disposed facing the front panel so that a discharge space is formed, the rear panel including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode, a plurality of longitudinal barrier ribs arranged in parallel to the address electrode and a plurality of lateral barrier ribs combined with the longitudinal barrier ribs to form mesh-shaped barrier ribs. The protective layer is formed by forming a base film on the dielectric layer and attaching a plurality of aggregated particles obtained by aggregating a plurality of crystal particles made of metal oxide to the base film so as to be discretely distributed over a surface of the base film.

Abstract: An apparatus for forming a protective layer of magnesium oxide on a front glass substrate (11) in an evaporation chamber (201) includes the following: oxygen outlet openings (222) for introducing oxygen into the evaporation chamber (201); water vapor outlet openings (210) for introducing water vapor into the evaporation chamber (201) from the downstream side in the transfer direction of the front glass substrate (11); a mass analyzer (224) for measuring the ionic strength of hydrogen and the ionic strength of oxygen in the evaporation chamber (201); and mass flow controllers (215) and (221) for controlling the introduction amount of the water vapor and the introduction amount of the oxygen, respectively, by the ionic strengths measured by the mass analyzer (224).

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front panel including a glass front substrate, a display electrode formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer formed so as to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer; and a rear panel disposed facing the front panel so that discharge space is formed and including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode and a barrier rib partitioning the discharge space. The protective layer is formed by forming a base film on the dielectric layer and attaching a plurality of crystal particles made of metal oxide to the base film so as to be distributed over an entire surface at a covering rate of not less than 1% and not more than 15%.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is provided with a front plate, and a rear plate disposed so as to face the front plate. The front plate has a display electrode, a dielectric layer to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer to cover the dielectric layer. The protective layer includes a base layer formed on the dielectric layer, and a plurality of aggregated particles dispersed on an entire surface of the base layer. Each of the aggregated particle includes a plurality of crystal particles made of metallic oxide and aggregating to one another. The base film contains MgO, Ce and Ge. In the base layer, a concentration of Ce is at least 200 ppm to at most 500 ppm, and a concentration of Ge is at least 100 ppm to at most 5000 ppm.

Abstract: A plasma display panel has a front plate and a rear plate disposed so as to face the front plate. The front plate includes display electrodes, a dielectric layer formed to coat the display electrodes, and a protective layer formed to coat the dielectric layer. The protective layer includes a base layer formed on the dielectric layer, and a plurality of particles dispersed in the base layer. The base layer has nanocrystalline particles made of magnesium oxide and having an average particle diameter in the range of at least 10 nm to at most 100 nm. The particles are aggregated particles in which a plurality of metal oxide crystal particles are aggregated. The aggregated particles have an average particle diameter at least twice to at most four times as large as a film thickness of the base layer.

Abstract: A plasma display panel (PDP) includes a front panel having a front glass substrate, a display electrode formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer formed to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer. Further, the PDP includes a rear panel facing the front panel so that a discharge space is formed, wherein the rear panel includes an address electrode in a direction intersecting the display electrode, and includes a barrier rib partitioning the discharge space. The PDP also includes a seal material providing a seal between the front panel and the rear panel at outer peripheries thereof. In the protective layer, a base film is formed on the dielectric layer and aggregated particles of metal oxide crystal particles are attached to the base film and distributed over a surface of a region inside the seal material.

Abstract: A plasma display panel is formed of front panel (2) and rear panel (10). Front panel (2) includes glass substrate (3) on which display electrodes (6) are formed, dielectric layer (8) covering display electrodes (6), and protective layer (9) formed on dielectric layer (8). Rear panel (10) confronts front panel (2) to form discharge space (16) therebetween, and includes address electrodes (12) formed along a direction intersecting with display electrodes (6), and barrier ribs (14) for partitioning discharge space (16). Protective layer (9) includes primary film (91) on dielectric layer (8), and aggregated particles (92) formed of multiple crystal particles made by firing a precursor of metal oxide and aggregating themselves together. Aggregated particles (92) are distributed and attached on the entire surface of primary film (91).

Abstract: To realize a plasma display panel having display performances of high precision and high brightness with low power consumption, after formation of base film (91), a metal oxide paste made of metal oxide particles, an organic component including a photopolymerization initiator, a water-soluble cellulose derivative, and a photopolymerization monomer, and a diluting solvent is applied. By exposing, developing, and firing the paste film, agglomerated particles as a plurality of metal oxide particles agglomerated are formed so as to be attached on base film (91). The content of the metal oxide particles included in the metal oxide paste is 1.5% by volume or less.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front panel including a glass substrate, a display electrode formed thereon, a dielectric layer formed so as to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer; and a rear panel disposed facing the front panel so that discharge space is formed and including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode, and a barrier rib for partitioning the discharge space. The dielectric layer of the front panel contains bismuth oxide and calcium oxide without containing lead, and does not contain lead. The protective layer on the dielectric layer is formed by forming a base film on the second dielectric layer and attaching a plurality of crystal particles made of metal oxide to the base film so as to be distributed over an entire surface of the base film.

Abstract: A plasma display panel includes a front panel including a substrate, a display electrode formed on the substrate, a dielectric layer formed so as to cover the display electrode, and a protective layer formed on the dielectric layer; and a rear panel disposed facing the front panel so that a discharge space is formed, and including an address electrode formed in a direction intersecting the display electrode and a barrier rib for partitioning the discharge space. The protective layer is formed by forming a base film on the dielectric layer and attaching a plurality of aggregated particles of a plurality of crystal particles of metal oxide to the base film so that a plurality of aggregated particles are distributed over its entire surface.