Abstract: A solar cell includes: a substrate having optical transparency; a photoelectric converter provided on the substrate, including a top-face electrode having optical transparency, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a back-face electrode having light reflectivity; and a low-refractive conductive layer whose refractive index is less than or equal to 2.0, the low-refractive conductive layer being made of a conductive material having optical transparency, being adjacent to the photoelectric conversion layer, and being disposed on a side of the photoelectric conversion layer opposite to the substrate.

Abstract: In a high frequency ion plating device, when an evaporation substrate is intended to be rotated to form a uniform evaporated film, a variation in resistance of a contact in a rotating portion arises, making it almost impossible to provide a constant duration of high frequency discharge.A supply of a high frequency power to the substrate is effected through an auxiliary electrode such as a coil, and a dc voltage is induced in the auxiliary electrode and applied to the substrate simultaneously with a high frequency voltage. As a result of the coil the high frequency discharge is stabilized, and a stabilized supply of power is rendered possible.