Abstract: A photovoltaic system includes power generators configured to generate power utilizing sunlight, inverters configured to convert the power generated by the power generators into alternating-current power output to a power system, a first limiter configured to limit output power of the inverters not more than a predetermined capacity, a second limiter configured to limit output power of at least one of the inverters to a level exceeding the predetermined capacity limited by the first limiter, when a predetermined condition is satisfied, and an inverter controller configured to control the output power of the inverters, based on the first limiter or the second limiter.

Abstract: A photovoltaic system includes power generators configured to generate power utilizing sunlight, inverters configured to convert the power generated by the power generators into alternating-current power output to a power system, a first limiter configured to limit output power of the inverters not more than a predetermined capacity, a second limiter configured to limit output power of at least one of the inverters to a level exceeding the predetermined capacity limited by the first limiter, when a predetermined condition is satisfied, and an inverter controller configured to control the output power of the inverters, based on the first limiter or the second limiter.

Abstract: A laser beam irradiation unit irradiates a laser beam on a top surface pattern portion of a wiring to be inspected among plural wirings formed on a substrate, with an intensity high enough to cause laser abrasion or two-photon absorption at the irradiated portion. A D.C. power supply applies, via an ammeter, a predetermined voltage between an electrode portion that traps electrons released from the top surface portion and a contact prove pressed against a bottom surface pattern of the wiring. An open circuit state and a short-circuit state of the wiring are judged using a current value measured in the ammeter. It is thus possible to inspect a wiring for an open circuit and a short-circuit easily without bringing a probe into contact with the lands of wirings on a top surface of the substrate to be inspected.

Abstract: A circuit board testing apparatus for testing continuity and/or short-circuit of wirings formed on a circuit board, includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator which irradiates first terminals of the wirings with an electromagnetic wave so that electrons are discharged from the first terminals by photoelectric effect. Discharged electrons are trapped by an electrode which is electrically biased to have a higher potential than that of the second terminals of the wirings, thereby causing an electric current to flow through the wirings via the electrode. Existence of open-circuit and/or short-circuit of the wirings is judged based on the current flowing the wirings.

Abstract: A laser beam irradiation unit irradiates a laser beam on a top surface pattern portion of a wiring to be inspected among plural wirings formed on a substrate, with an intensity high enough to cause laser abrasion or two-photon absorption at the irradiated portion. A D.C. power supply applies, via an ammeter, a predetermined voltage between an electrode portion that traps electrons released from the top surface portion and a contact prove pressed against a bottom surface pattern of the wiring. An open circuit state and a short-circuit state of the wiring are judged using a current value measured in the ammeter. It is thus possible to inspect a wiring for an open circuit and a short-circuit easily without bringing a probe into contact with the lands of wirings on a top surface of the substrate to be inspected.

Abstract: A circuit board testing apparatus for testing continuity and/or short-circuit of wirings formed on a circuit board, includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator which irradiates first terminals of the wirings with an electromagnetic wave so that electrons are discharged from the first terminals by photoelectric effect. Discharged electrons are trapped by an electrode which is electrically biased to have a higher potential than that of the second terminals of the wirings, thereby causing an electric current to flow through the wirings via the electrode. Existence of open-circuit and/or short-circuit of the wirings is judged based on the current flowing the wirings.

Abstract: A circuit board testing apparatus for testing continuity and/or short-circuit of wirings formed on a circuit board, includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator which irradiates first terminals of the wirings with an electromagnetic wave so that electrons are discharged from the first terminals by photoelectric effect. Discharged electrons are trapped by an electrode which is electrically biased to have a higher potential than that of the second terminals of the wirings, thereby causing an electric current to flow through the wirings via the electrode. Existence of open-circuit and/or short-circuit of the wirings is judged based on the current flowing the wirings.

Abstract: A circuit board testing apparatus for testing continuity and/or short-circuit of wirings formed on a circuit board, includes an electromagnetic wave irradiator which irradiates first terminals of the wirings with an electromagnetic wave so that electrons are discharged from the first terminals by photoelectric effect. Discharged electrons are trapped by an electrode which is electrically biased to have a higher potential than that of the second terminals of the wirings, thereby causing an electric current to flow through the wirings via the electrode. Existence of open-circuit and/or short-circuit of the wirings is judged based on the current flowing the wirings.

Abstract: A forced air unit comprising a front cover member, a rear cover member connected to and spaced from said front cover member defining a unit housing therebetween having a width and a housing periphery. A heat exchanger is disposed around the entire periphery of the housing with a centrifugal fan rotatably mounted in the housing with an axis extending in the width direction thereof. The fan has a central inlet area and an annular outlet area with a motor mounted in the central inlet area for rotating the fan to draw air axially inwardly toward the inlet area and radially outwardly through the annular outlet area. A fan cover is disposed over the fan within the housing with an inlet opening positioned over the inlet area of the fan. The fan housing has an outlet opening covering a portion of the housing periphery with the remainder of the housing periphery acting as an inlet.

Abstract: A stencil paper assembly comprising a stencil paper sheet and an ink-impermeable sheet laid one over the other, said assembly being adapted to maintain a layer of ink between said stencil sheet and said ink-impermeable sheet so that numerous printed sheets may be obtained with one charge of ink and without causing smearing of ink.

Abstract: A stencil sheet having a thin stretched thermoplastic resin film supported on an ink pervious porous substrate is positioned on an original manuscript in a manner such that the film may be in close contact with the imaged side of the manuscript. The assembly is then irradiated by a light which is rich in rays having a wavelength ranging from 0.7 to 1.2 microns and has a flash duration of from 10.sup.-4 to 10.sup.-3 second. A xenon-filled electronic flash discharge tube is found to be the most suitable light source. Stencil openings formed thereby on the film surface are excellent in definition and free from marginal swelling therearound. The stencil prepared by this method can produce copies of 2000 or more which correspond exactly with the original manuscript.