Abstract: First and second conductive members having different Seebeck coefficients are formed on an insulating substrate. The first and second conductive members are connected by ohmic contact, and the surfaces connected by ohmic contact are covered with a material sheet having a superior heat conductivity and an electric insulating property in the junction surface, such as an aluminum sheet formed with surfaces provided with electric insulating property by alumite treatment or the like. On the opposite side, bonding wires are connected with the first and second conductive members by ohmic contact. The bonding wires are insulated from one another, and used as output terminals of an integrated parallel Peltier Seebeck element chip. The thus produced integrated parallel Peltier Seebeck element chips are connected by one or more serial or parallel cables, to form energy conversion apparatus from electricity to heat and thermal energy transfer apparatus.

Abstract: A first conductive member and a second conductive member having different Seebeck coefficients are joined together by a joining member to form a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements, and these thermoelectric conversion elements are disposed in at least two different temperature environments. The first conductive members of respective thermoelectric conversion elements or the second conductive members thereof are connected to each other by an electric wiring to form a direct energy conversion electric circuit system, and electric potential energy is picked up from an arbitrary portion on this electric wiring. Accordingly, the direct energy conversion electric circuit system from thermal energy to electric energy is formed.

Abstract: There is provided a self driving energy direct conversion system capable of restricting global warming by using a recycle-type and open-system thermoelectric effect device which uses a natural heat energy (reusable, non polluting, and omnipresent) and which is capable of obtaining an energy source. With a group of Peltier effect elements separated at a certain distance and a group of Seebeck effect elements separated at a certain distance, a heat energy transfer section, a power generator section, and an electrolysis section are provided. Making artificially a heat energy transfer, an electric potential energy conversion, and a chemical potential energy source (of a hydrogen gas and an oxygen gas) allows use of the heat energy, an electric power and a chemical potential energy. Hereinabove, the chemical potential energy source is made by a water electrolysis circuit using water that is easy to pressurize, compress, store, accumulate and convey.

Abstract: A Peltier or Seebeck element has first and second conductive members having different Seebeck coefficients. To decrease the heat conduction from one to the other end of each of the conductive members, the cross-section area at the intermediate part in the length direction is smaller than those at both ends parts. In place of the decrease of the cross-section, the shape of the cross-section of the intermediate part of each of the conductive members may be changed by dividing the intermediate part into pieces, or amorphous silicon or the like having a heat conductivity lower than those of the materials of both end parts may be used for the material of the intermediate part. In such a way, a high-performance Peltier/Seebeck element such that the difference between the temperature of the heated portion of the Peltier/Seebeck element and the opposite portion can be kept to a predetermined temperature difference for a long time and its manufacturing method are provided.

Abstract: A first conductive member and a second conductive member having different Seebeck coefficients are joined together by a joining member to form a plurality of thermoelectric conversion elements, and these thermoelectric conversion elements are disposed in at least two different temperature environments. The first conductive members of respective thermoelectric conversion elements or the second conductive members thereof are connected to each other by an electric wiring to form a direct energy conversion electric circuit system, and electric potential energy is picked up from an arbitrary portion on this electric wiring. Accordingly, the direct energy conversion electric circuit system from thermal energy to electric energy is formed.

Abstract: First and second conductive members having different Seebeck coefficients are formed on an insulating substrate. The first and second conductive members are connected by ohmic contact, and the surfaces connected by ohmic contact are covered with a material sheet having a superior heat conductivity and an electric insulating property in the junction surface, such as an aluminum sheet formed with surfaces provided with electric insulating property by alumite treatment or the like. On the opposite side, bonding wires are connected with the first and second conductive members by ohmic contact. The bonding wires are insulated from one another, and used as output terminals of an integrated parallel Peltier Seebeck element chip. The thus produced integrated parallel Peltier Seebeck element chips are connected by one or more serial or parallel cables, to form energy conversion apparatus from electricity to heat and thermal energy transfer apparatus.

Abstract: A self-driven direct energy conversion system is to be provided which can suppress global warming using a heat generation apparatus that can obtain a circulating type and open system energy source utilizing exhaustless, reusable thermal energy with no pollution in the natural world. The system has a thermal energy transfer module which a Peltier effect device group is separated from a Seebeck effect device group at a given distance, an electric power generating module, and an electrolyzer module in which thermal energy transfer and electric energy conversion are conducted, and a water electrolyzer circuit artificially forms a chemical energy source of hydrogen gas and oxygen gas easily pressurized, compressed, accumulated, stored, and transferred. Thus, thermal energy, electric power, and chemical energy are utilized.

Abstract: There is provided a self driving energy direct conversion system capable of restricting global warming by using a recycle-type and open-system thermoelectric effect device which uses a natural heat energy (reusable, non polluting, and omnipresent) and which is capable of obtaining an energy source. With a group of Peltier effect elements separated at a certain distance and a group of Seebeck effect elements separated at a certain distance, a heat energy transfer section, a power generator section, and an electrolysis section are provided. Making artificially a heat energy transfer, an electric potential energy conversion, and a chemical potential energy source (of a hydrogen gas and an oxygen gas) allows use of the heat energy, an electric power and a chemical potential energy. Hereinabove, the chemical potential energy source is made by a water electrolysis circuit using water that is easy to pressurize, compress, store, accumulate and convey.

Abstract: A method for calculating a physical flow quantity of a fluid or magnetofluid propagating over a surface such as in a wind tunnel. The method includes the steps of setting a main mesh having predetermined mesh spacing relative to space and time. The method sets a sub-mesh having a mesh spacing smaller than that of the main mesh in space regions between points in the main mesh, in which the magnitude of inclination of the physical quantity is above a first preset level. Next, the method sets mesh points, at which the magnitude of inclination of the physical quantity is greater than a second level that is greater than the first level, as singular points. Thereafter, the method calculates, via a CIP method, the values at the mesh points of the main mesh after an increment of time (a mesh spacing of the main mesh over the time variable). The values at the mesh points of the sub-mesh after the increment of time are also calculated via the CIP method.