Abstract: An intermediate transfer belt has metal oxide particles as a solid lubricant on a surface of the intermediate transfer belt, in which an average spacing between the metal oxide particles on the surface is 1,000 nm or less, and an average height of the metal oxide particles from the surface is 15 nm or more and 320 nm or less.

Abstract: A cooling system for a power storage device includes a blower fan that is mounted in a vehicle along with the power storage device and that blows air in a cabin to the power storage device and a control device that controls the blower fan. The control device stops the blower fan when it is ascertained that predetermined conditions that the vehicle is in a stopped state, a current-relevant value relevant to a current of the power storage device is in a predetermined range including a value 0, the blower fan is being driven, and the temperature of the power storage device is increasing are satisfied.

Abstract: A state estimation device for a battery assembly including rechargeable batteries acquires battery information of each rechargeable battery, stores a battery model of the battery assembly including the battery information of a rechargeable battery, and estimates a battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery and the battery model. The state estimation unit estimates the battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery, uses the estimated battery states of the battery assembly as a state variable, and applies an optimum filter for performing optimization based on a distribution of a plurality of sample points to a state equation and an output equation included in the battery model to calculate a gain for correcting the state variable.

Abstract: A state estimation device for a battery assembly including rechargeable batteries acquires battery information of each rechargeable battery, stores a battery model of the battery assembly including the battery information of a rechargeable battery, and estimates a battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery and the battery model. The state estimation unit estimates the battery state of the battery assembly based on the battery information of each rechargeable battery, uses the estimated battery states of the battery assembly as a state variable, and applies an optimum filter for performing optimization based on a distribution of a plurality of sample points to a state equation and an output equation included in the battery model to calculate a gain for correcting the state variable.